Greenhouse Gas Mitigation

1
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation CO2 Storage

• Prof. Jenn-Tai Liang
• Chemical Petroleum Engineering Department
• The University of Kansas

2
Capture, purification, reuse storage of CO2

• Costs of Capture
• Highly location, technology, energy costs, etc.
  dependent.
• Estimated cost of capture US23 53/t.
• Herzog, MIT 2006

3
Capture, purification, reuse storage of CO2

• Costs of Transportation Storage
• Highly location, method, energy costs, etc.
  dependent.
• Estimated cost US2.92 4.86/t.
• Herzog, MIT 2006

4
Capture, purification, reuse storage of CO2

• Opportunity Cost
• Estimated opportunity cost for substantial
  capture storage activity US25 35/t.
• Herzog, MIT 2006

5
Capture, purification, reuse storage of CO2

• Is geological storage safe?
• With careful site selection and characterization,
  it is generally considered safe to store CO2 in
  geological formations.

6
Capture, purification, reuse storage of CO2

• Issues with storage in other countries
• Increased costs and risks of leakage during
  transportation.
• Global carbon credit trading not established.
• Difficulties in monitoring verification.

7
Geologic Sequestration

• Oil Gas Reservoirs
• Enhanced oil recovery
• Enhanced gas recovery in gas condensate
  reservoirs
• Depleted oil gas reservoirs
• Reservoir pressure maintenance
• Saline Aquifers
• Coal Beds
• Enhanced coal bed methane recovery
• income generating

8
Geologic Sequestration

• Near-term, low-volume implementation
• Store high purity CO2 in local hydrocarbon
  reservoirs or saline aquifers.
• Suitable for industries producing high purity CO2.

9
Geologic Sequestration

• Long-term, large-scale implementation
• Store CO2 in deep saline aquifers.
• Takes decades to build expensive infrastructures
  for capture and transportation.

10
Geologic Sequestration

• Key issues
• Costs associated with the CCS.
• Storage capacity of venues selected.
• Containment longevity.
• Monitoring verification

11
Geologic Sequestration

• Cost issues
• CCS is expensive.
• Needs income generating potential for industries
  to implement.
• Carbon tax credits or government subsidy required
  for large-scale implementation.

12
Geologic Sequestration

• Storage-capacity issues
• Requires good geologic model.
• Need reservoir simulation for CO2 movement and
  trapping.
• Simulation must couple flow, phase, geochemical,
  geomechanical models.
• Storage capacity estimates must be conservative
  and Monte Carlo simulation should be used to
  address uncertainties.

13
Geologic Sequestration

• Monitoring issues
• Monitoring strategy should be site specific and
  risk based
• Risk profile differs in different geological
  formations.
• Best developed monitoring methods
• Seismic
• Pressure
• Vegetative stress
• Eddy covariance and flux accumulation chamber

14
Geologic Sequestration

• Verification issues
• Detection limit and precision of measurements
  must be established to insure accurate and
  cost-effective inventory accounting.
• Methods for establishing detection limit
• Fraction of background CO2 flux
• Prescribed CO2 flux
• Specified CO2 emission per year
• Percent of CO2 will be injected

15
Where should Taiwan be heading?

• Learn from others first (do not reinvent the
  wheel)
• CCS Consortia
• CO2NET, CO2NET3, CO2ReMoVe (EU-funded consortia)
• CCP, GCEP (Industry-funded consortia)
• GEODISC, CO2CRC (Australia)
• Commercial Projects
• Weyburn project CO2 EOR (EnCana)
• Salah project Saline formation (BP)
• Sleipner project CO2-rich gas reservoir
  (Statoil)
• Pilot projects
• Nagaoka pilot (RITE of Japan)
• Frio Brine pilot (Texas BEG)

16
Where should Taiwan be heading?

• Things can be done NOW
• Survey suitable geological formations for CO2
  storage.
• Gain site assessment experience using well-
  characterized CPC gas reservoirs
• use Monte Carlo simulation to estimate storage
  capacity,
• use reservoir model to simulate long-term CO2
  trapping and movements,
• establish risk profile and develop monitoring
  strategy,
• evaluate sub- and above-surface monitoring
  methods,
• estimate costs.

17
Where should Taiwan be heading?

• Roles of industries, government, and academia
• Oil and gas industry, geological surveys, and
  academia need to work together to identify sites
  that can be used to store CO2 safely, near
  permanently, and cost effectively.
• Government should sponsor pilot demonstration
  projects to validate findings from feasibility
  studies.

18
Where should Taiwan be heading?

• Roles of industries, government, and academia
• Government should sponsor outreach program
  through education, forums to gain public support.
• The outreach program should address the status of
  current technological developments and the risks
  involved in CCS.
• Including NGOs views in an objective fashion is
  crucial to gaining public acceptance.