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Title: Part I: Online Learning: Opportunities for Motivation


1
Part I Online LearningOpportunities for
Motivation
  • Curt Bonk, Indiana University
  • President, CourseShare.com
  • cjbonk_at_indiana.edu
  • http//php.indiana.edu/cjbonk
  • http//CourseShare.com

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Exponential Growth of the Web
4
A Vision of E-learning for Americas Workforce,
Report of the Commission on Technology and Adult
Learning, (2001, June)
  • A remarkable 84 percent of two-and four-year
    colleges in the United States expect to offer
    distance learning courses in 2002 (only 58 did
    in 1998) (US Dept of Education report, 2000)
  • Web-based training is expected to increase 900
    percent between 1999 and 2003. (ASTD, State of
    the Industry Report 2001).

5
To Cope with the Explosion, We Need Instructor
E-Learning Support!!!
6
Problems Faced
  • Administrative
  • Lack of admin vision.
  • Lack of incentive from admin and the fact that
    they do not understand the time needed.
  • Lack of system support.
  • Little recognition that this is valuable.
  • Rapacious U intellectual property policy.
  • Unclear univ. policies concerning int property.
  • Pedagogical
  • Difficulty in performing lab experiments
    online.
  • Lack of appropriate models for pedagogy.
  • Time-related
  • More ideas than time to implement.
  • Not enough time to correct online assign.
  • People need sleep Web spins forever.

7
Asynchronous Possibilities
  • 1. Link to peers and mentors.
  • 2. Expand and link to alternative resources.
  • 3. Involve in case-based reasoning.
  • 4. Connect students in field to the class.
  • 5. Provide e-mail assistance
  • 6. Bring experts to teach at any time.
  • 7. Provide exam preparation.
  • 8. Foster small group work.
  • 9. Engage in electronic discussions writing.
  • 10. Structure electronic role play.

8
Types of Synchronous Activities
  1. Webinar, Webcast
  2. Guest speaker or expert moderated (or open) QA
    forum
  3. Discussion plus expert chat
  4. Instructor-led discussion or training (general or
    private discussions, testing, and tutoring)
  5. Peer Dialogue or Team activities or meetings
  6. Panels, Press Conferences, Symposia
  7. Role Play or Electronic Séance
  8. Quick Polls/Quizzes, Voting Ranking, Surveys
  9. Brainstorming ideas, What-Ifs, Quick reflections
  10. Graphic Organizers in Whiteboard (e.g., Venn)

9
Help Wanted Jennifer Hoffman, Online Learning
Conference (2001, Oct.)
  • Wanted
  • Synchronous Trainer. Experienced training
    professional with 5 yeas working with synchronous
    training methods. Must be able to create HTML,
    PowerPoint, and use various authoring tools in
    order to create engaging media. Masters in
    Educational Technology preferred.

10
Best of Online Pedagogical Strategies
11
Online Strategies(Karen Lazenby, University of
Pretoria, Nov., 2001)
  • Limit lecturing onlinepromote self-directed
    learning
  • Set clear rules for posting and interaction
  • Explain tasks and overlooked info.
  • Let learners synthesize key points.
  • Publish best work of students (with permission)
  • Involve participation from outside experts

12
Changing Role of the TeacherThe Online Teacher,
TAFE, Guy Kemshal-Bell (April, 2001)
  • From oracle to guide and resource provider
  • From providers of answers to expert questioners
  • From solitary teacher to member of team
  • From total control of teaching environment to
    sharing as a fellow student
  • From provider of content to designer of learning
    experiences.

13
Knowledge Sharing ConstructionE-Moderating
The Key to Teaching and Learning Online, (Gilly
Salmon, (1999) Kogan Page)
  • Be an equal participant in the conference.
  • Provide sparks or interesting comments.
  • Avoid directives and right answers.
  • Acknowledge all contributions.
  • Weave, summarize, and model discussion.
  • Support others for e-moderator role.
  • Reward knowledge construction accomplishments.
  • Be tolerant of twists in the discussion.

14
Pedagogical Recommendations(Berge, 1995, The
role of the online instructor/facilitator)
  • Dont expect too much/thread
  • Draw attention to conflicting views
  • Do not lecture (Long, coherent sequence of
    comments yields silence)
  • Request responses within set time
  • Maintain non-authoritarian style
  • Promote private conversations

15
Dennens Research on Nine Online Courses
(sociology, history, communications, writing,
library science, technology, counseling)
Poor Instructors Good Instructors
  • Provided regular qual/quant feedback
  • Participated as peer
  • Allowed perspective sharing
  • Tied discussion to grades, other assessments.
  • Used incremental deadlines
  • Little or no feedback given
  • Always authoritative
  • Kept narrow focus of what was relevant
  • Created tangential discussions
  • Only used ultimate deadlines

16
Web-Based Resources(Oliver McLoughlin, 1999)
  • URL Postings in Dynamic Database (for inquiry)
  • Electronic Discussions (to see ideas unfold)
  • Debates (submit arguments in a public space)
  • Personal Reflections (encourage to rebut/refute)
  • Concept Maps (see relationships)
  • Nominal Group Process (to gain consensus)
  • Survey (can aggregate student responses)

17
Pedagogical Techniques of CMC(Paulsen, 1995, The
Online Report on Pedagogical Techniques for
Computer-Mediated Communication)
  1. Collective databases
  2. Informal socializing (online cafes)
  3. Seminars (read before going online)
  4. Public tutorials
  5. Peer counseling
  6. Simulations, games, and role plays
  7. Forum
  8. Email interviews
  9. Symposia or speakers on a theme
  10. The notice board (class announcements)

18
Synchronous Considerations Jennifer Hoffman,
ASTD, Learning Circuits, (2001, March)
  • Log on early students come 15 minutes early.
  • Do tech checks of microphones (sound check).
  • Check to see if students brought needed items
  • Welcome to the session/class explain goals ask
    for feedback on goals.
  • Vary instructional strategies max interactivity
  • Make it visualcolor, sound, animation
  • A Do Not Disturb sign be near a restroom
    pitcher of water

19
Pedagogical Tips (Bonk 1998)
  • Test system with immediate task
  • Build peer interactivity
  • Embed choices (avatars, tasks, etc.)
  • Simplify (everything!!!)
  • Embed peer and portfolio fdbk tools
  • Offer early feedback
  • Link to prior work (legacies)

20
What do we need???
  • FRAMEWORKS!

21
1. Reflect on Extent of IntegrationThe Web
Integration Continuum
  • Level 1 Course Marketing/Syllabi via the Web
  • Level 2 Web Resource for Student Exploration
  • Level 3 Publish Student-Gen Web Resources
  • Level 4 Course Resources on the Web
  • Level 5 Repurpose Web Resources for Others
  • Level 6 Web Component is Substantive Graded
  • Level 7 Graded Activities Extend Beyond Class
  • Level 8 Entire Web Course for Resident Students
  • Level 9 Entire Web Course for Offsite Students
  • Level 10 Course within Programmatic Initiative

22
2. Reflect on InteractionsMatrix of Web
Interactions(Cummings, Bonk, Jacobs, in press)
  • Instructor to Student syllabus, notes, feedback
  • to Instructor Course resources, syllabi,
    notes
  • to Practitioner Tutorials, articles,
    listservs
  • Student to Student Intros, sample work, debates
  • to Instructor Voting, tests, papers,
    evals.
  • to Practitioner Web links, resumes
  • Practitioner to Student Internships, jobs,
    fieldtrips
  • to Instructor Opinion surveys, fdbk,
    listservs
  • to Practitioner Forums, listservs

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3. Four Key Hats of Instructors
  • Technicaldo students have basics? Does their
    equipment work? Passwords work?
  • ManagerialDo students understand the assignments
    and course structure?
  • PedagogicalHow are students interacting,
    summarizing, debating, thinking?
  • SocialWhat is the general tone? Is there a
    human side to this course? Joking allowed?
  • Other firefighter, convener, weaver, tutor,
    conductor, host, mediator, filter, editor,
    facilitator, negotiator, e-police, concierge,
    marketer, assistant, etc.

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4.
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2. Questioning "What is the name of this
concept...?," "Another reason for this might
be...?," "An example of this is...," "In contrast
to this might be...,""What else might be
important here...?," "Who can tell me....?," "How
might the teacher..?." "What is the real problem
here...?," "How is this related to...?,, "Can
you justify this?"
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5. Feedback/Praise "Wow, I'm impressed...,"
"That shows real insight into...," "Are you sure
you have considered...," "Thanks for responding
to X...," "I have yet to see you or anyone
mention..."
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6. Cognitive Task Structuring "You know, the
task asks you to do...," "Ok, as was required,
you should now summarize the peer responses that
you have received...," "How might the textbook
authors have solved this case."
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8. Push to Explore "You might want to write to
Dr. XYZ for...," "You might want to do an ERIC
search on this topic...," "Perhaps there is a URL
on the Web that addresses this topic..."
29
How to Combine these Roles?
30
E-Moderator
  • Refers to online teaching and facilitation role.
    Moderating used to mean to preside over a meeting
    or a discussion, but in the electronic world, it
    means more than that. It is all roles
    combinedto hold meetings, to encourage, to
    provide information, to question, to summarize,
    etc. (Collins Berge, 1997 Gilly Salmon, 2000)
    see http//www.emoderators.com/moderators.shtml.

31
Other Hats
32
Other Hats
  • Weaverlinking comments/threads
  • Tutorindividualized attention
  • Participantjoint learner
  • Provocateurstir the pot ( calm flames)
  • Observerwatch ideas and events unfold
  • Mentorpersonally apprentice students
  • Community Organizerkeep system going

33
Still More Hats
  • Assistant
  • Devils advocate
  • Editor
  • Expert
  • Filter
  • Firefighter
  • Facilitator
  • Gardener
  • Helper
  • Lecturer
  • Marketer
  • Mediator
  • Priest
  • Promoter

34
Web Facilitation???Berge Collins
AssociatesMauri Collins and Zane L.
Bergehttp//www.emoderators.com/moderators.shtml
mod
35
Facilitating Electronic Discussion
  • Have Students Initiate, Sign up for Roles
  • Provide Guidelines and Structure
  • Weave and Summarize Weekly
  • Be patient, prompt, and clear
  • Foster Role Play, Debate, and Interaction
  • Assign Due Dates, Times, and Points
  • Constantly Monitor, Converse not Dictate
  • Assign Buddies/Pals or Include Mentoring

36
Is it that simple?
NOPE!!!
37
There is a Problem
38
Were Handing out degrees in electronic page
turning!!!
  • To get the certificate, learners merely needed to
    read (i.e. click through) each screen of
    material

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But How Avoid Shovelware???This form of
structure encourages teachers designing new
products to simply shovel existing resources
into on-line Web pages and discourages any
deliberate or intentional design of learning
strategy. (Oliver McLoughlin, 1999)
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How Bad Is It?
  • Some frustrated Blackboard users who say the
    company is too slow in responding to technical
    problems with its course-management software have
    formed an independent users group to help one
    another and to press the company to improve.
  • (Jeffrey Young, Nov. 2, 2001, Chronicle of Higher
    Ed)

42
Must Online Learning be Boring?
What Motivates Adult Learners to Participate?
43
Intrinsic Motivation
  • innate propensity to engage ones interests and
    exercise ones capabilities, and, in doing so, to
    seek out and master optimal challenges
  • (i.e., it emerges from needs, inner strivings,
    and personal curiosity for growth)

See Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic
motivation and self-determination in human
behavior. NY Plenum Press.
44
Extrinsic Motivation
  • is motivation that arises from external
    contingencies. (i.e., students who act to get
    high grades, win a trophy, comply with a
    deadlinemeans-to-an-end motivation)
  • See Johnmarshall Reeve (1996). Motivating Others
    Nurturing inner motivational resources. Boston
    Allyn Bacon.

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E-Learning Pedagogical Strategies
Motivational/Ice Breakers 8 Noun Introductions Coffee House Expectations Scavenger Hunt Two Truths, One Lie Public Commitments Share-A-Link Creative Thinking Brainstorming Role Play Topical Discussions Web-Based Explorations Readings Recursive Tasks Electronic Séance
Critical Thinking Electronic Voting and Polling Delphi Technique Reading Reactions Summary Writing and Minute Papers Field Reflection Online Cases Analyses Evaluating Web Resources Instructor as well as Student Generated Virtual Debates Collaborative Learning Starter-Wrapper Discussions Structured Controversy Symposium or Expert Panel Electronic Mentors and Guests Round robin Activities Jigsaw Group Problem Solving Gallery Tours and Publishing Work Email Pals/Web Buddies and Critical/Constructive Friends
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Motivational Terms?See Johnmarshall Reeve
(1996). Motivating Others Nurturing inner
motivational resources. Boston Allyn Bacon.
(UW-Milwaukee)
  1. Tone/Climate Psych Safety, Comfort, Belonging
  2. Feedback Responsive, Supports, Encouragement
  3. Engagement Effort, Involvement, Excitement
  4. Meaningfulness Interesting, Relevant, Authentic
  5. Choice Flexibility, Opportunities, Autonomy
  6. Variety Novelty, Intrigue, Unknowns
  7. Curiosity Fun, Fantasy, Control
  8. Tension Challenge, Dissonance, Controversy
  9. Interactive Collaborative, Team-Based, Community
  10. Goal Driven Product-Based, Success, Ownership

48
Encourage activities that motivate
thinking.(Sheinberg, April 2000, Learning
Circuits)
49
ToneA. Instructor Modeling
  • The first week of a course is a critical
  • If an instructor is personable, students will be
    personable
  • If formal, students will be formal
  • Too little instructor presence can cause low
    levels of student involvement
  • Too much presence can cause uninspired student
    involvement

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Tone B. Thiagi-Like Ice Breakers
  • 1. Introductions require not only that students
    introduce themselves, but also that they find and
    respond to two classmates who have something in
    common (Serves dual purpose of setting tone and
    having students learn to use the tool)
  • 2. Peer Interviews Have learners interview each
    other via e-mail and then post introductions for
    each other.

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1. Tone/ClimateB. Thiagi-Like Ice Breakers
  • 3. Eight Nouns Activity
  • 1. Introduce self using 8 nouns
  • 2. Explain why choose each noun
  • 3. Comment on 1-2 peer postings
  • 4. Coffee House Expectations
  • 1. Have everyone post 2-3 course expectations
  • 2. Instructor summarizes and comments on how they
    might be met
  • (or make public commitments of how they will fit
    into busy schedules!)

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1. Tone/ClimateC. Thiagi-Like Ice Breakers
  1. Pair-Ups Have pairs of students summarize the
    course syllabus for each other or summarize
    initial materials sent from the instructor.
  2. 99 Seconds of Fame In an online synchronous
    chat, give each student 99 seconds to present
    themselves and field questions.
  3. Chat Room Buds Create a discussion prompt in one
    of X number of chat rooms. Introduce yourself
    in the chat room that interests you.

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1. Tone/ClimateB. Thiagi-Like Ice Breakers
  1. Storytelling Cartoon Time Find a Web site that
    has cartoons. Have participants link their
    introductionsor stories to a particular cartoon
    URL. Storytelling is a great way to communicate.
    http//www.curtoons.com/cartooncoll.htm
  2. Favorite Web Site Have students post the URL of
    a favorite Web site or URL with personal
    information and explain why they choose that one.
  3. Who Has Polls During initial meeting, pool
    students on various interesting topics (e.g., who
    has walked on stilts, swam in the ocean, sat in a
    casket, flown a plane, etc.)

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1. Tone/ClimateB. Thiagi-Like Ice Breakers
  • KNOWU Rooms
  • Create discussion forums or chat room topics for
    people with diff experiences (e.g., soccer
    parent, runner, pet lovers, like music, outdoor
    person). Find those with similar interests.
  • Complete eval form where list people in class and
    interests. Most names wins.
  • Public Commitments
  • Have students share how they will fit the
    coursework into their busy schedules.

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Multiple Rooms for Chat
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Tone/Climate B. Thiagi-Like Ice Breakers
  • 13. Scavenger Hunt
  • 1. Create a 20-30 item online scavenger hunt
    (e.g., finding information on the Web)
  • 2. Post scores
  • 14. Two Truths, One Lie
  • Tell 2 truths and 1 lie about yourself
  • Class votes on which is the lie

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2. FeedbackA. Requiring Peer Feedback
  • Alternatives
  • 1. Require minimum of peer comments and give
    guidance (e.g., they should do)
  • 2. Peer Feedback Through Templatesgive templates
    to complete peer evaluations.
  • 3. Have e-papers contest(s)

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2. FeedbackA. Web-Supported GroupReading
Reactions
  • Give a set of articles.
  • Post reactions to 3-4 articles that intrigued
    them.
  • What is most impt in readings?
  • React to postings of 3-4 peers.
  • Summarize posts made to their reaction.
  • (Note this could also be done in teams)

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2. FeedbackB. Acknowledgement via E-mail, Live
Chats, Telephone (Acknowledge questions or
completed assignments)
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2. FeedbackC. Self-Testing and Self-Assessments
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2. FeedbackC. Self-Testing and
Self-Assessments(Giving Exams in the Chat Room!,
Janet Marta, NW Missouri State Univ, Syllabus,
January 2002)
  1. Post times when will be available for 30 minute
    slots, first come, first serve.
  2. Give 10-12 big theoretical questions to study
    for.
  3. Tell can skip one.
  4. Assessment will be a dialogue.
  5. Get them there 1-2 minutes early.
  6. Have hit enter every 2-3 sentences.
  7. Ask qs, redirect, push for clarity, etc.
  8. Covers about 3 questions in 30 minutes.

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2. Feedback (Instructor)D. Reflective Writing
  • Alternatives
  • Minute Papers, Muddiest Pt Papers
  • PMI (Plus, Minus, Interesting), KWL
  • Summaries
  • Pros and Cons
  • Email instructor after class on what learned or
    failed to learn
  • (David Brown, Syllabus, January 2002, p. 23)

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3. EngagementA. Questioning(Morten Flate
Pausen, 1995 morten_at_nki.no)
  1. Shot Gun Post many questions or articles to
    discuss and answer anystudent choice.
  2. Hot Seat One student is selected to answer many
    questions from everyone in the class.
  3. 20 Questions Someone has an answer and others
    can only ask questions that have yes or no
    responses until someone guesses answer.

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3. EngagementA. Questioning XanEdu Coursepacks
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3. EngagementB. Annotations and Animations
MetaText (eBooks)
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3. EngagementC. Electronic Voting and Polling
  • 1. Ask students to vote on issue before class
    (anonymously or send directly to the instructor)
  • 2. Instructor pulls our minority pt of view
  • 3. Discuss with majority pt of view
  • 4. Repoll students after class
  • (Note Delphi or Timed Disclosure Technique
    anomymous input till a due date
  • and then post results and
  • reconsider until consensus
  • Rick Kulp, IBM, 1999)

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3. EngagementC. Survey Student Opinions (e.g.,
InfoPoll, SurveySolutions, Zoomerang,
SurveyShare.com)
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4. Meaningfulness A. Perspective Taking
  • 1. Perspective sharing discussions Have learners
    relate the course material to a real-life
    experience.
  • Example In a course on Technology Culture,
    students freely shared experiences of visiting
    grandparents on rural farms. The discussion led
    to a greater interest in the readings.

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4. Meaningfulness B. Job or Field Reflections
  • 1. Field Definition Activity Have student
    interview (via e-mail, if necessary) someone
    working in the field of study and share their
    results
  • As a class, pool interview results and develop a
    group description of what it means to be a
    professional in the field

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4. MeaningfulnessB. Job or Field Reflections
  1. Instructor provides reflection or prompt for job
    related or field observations
  2. Reflect on job setting or observe in field
  3. Record notes on Web and reflect on concepts from
    chapter
  4. Respond to peers
  5. Instructor summarizes posts

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4. MeaningfulnessC. Case Creation and
Simulations
  • Model how to write a case
  • Practice answering cases.
  • Generate 2-3 cases during semester based on field
    experiences.
  • Link to the text materialrelate to how how text
    author or instructor might solve.
  • Respond to 6-8 peer cases.
  • Summarize the discussion in their case.
  • Summarize discussion in a peer case.
  • (Note method akin to storytelling)

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5. ChoiceA. Multiple Topics
  • Generate multiple discussion prompts and ask
    students to participate in 2 out of 3
  • Provide different discussion tracks (much like
    conference tracks) for students with different
    interests to choose among
  • List possible topics and have students vote
    (students sign up for lead diff weeks)
  • Have students list and vote.

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5. ChoiceB. Discussion Starter-Wrapper (Hara,
Bonk, Angeli, 2000)
  • Starter reads ahead and starts discussion and
    others participate and wrapper summarizes what
    was discussed.
  • Start-wrapper with roles--same as 1 but include
    roles for debate (optimist, pessimist, devil's
    advocate).
  • Alternative Facilitator-Starter-Wrapper
    (Alexander, 2001)
  • Instead of starting discussion, student acts as
    moderator or questioner to push student thinking
    and give feedback

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5. ChoiceC. Web Resource Reviews
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6. VarietyA. Brainstorming
  • Come up with interesting or topic or problem to
    solve
  • Anonymously brainstorm ideas in a chat discussion
  • Encourage spin off ideas
  • Post list of ideas generated
  • Rank or rate ideas and submit to instructor
  • Calculate average ratings and distribute to group

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6. VarietyB. Roundrobin
  • Select a topic
  • Respond to it
  • Pass answer(s) to next person in group
  • Keep passing until everyone contributes or ideas
    are exhausted
  • Summarize and/or report or findings

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7. CuriosityA. Electronic Seance
  • Students read books from famous dead people
  • Convene when dark (sync or asynchronous).
  • Present present day problem for them to solve
  • Participate from within those characters (e.g.,
    read direct quotes from books or articles)
  • Invite expert guests from other campuses
  • Keep chat open for set time period
  • Debrief

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7. Curiosity
  • B. Online Fun and Games
  • (see Thiagi.com
  • Or deepfun.com)
  • Puzzle games
  • Solve puzzle against timer
  • Learn concepts
  • Compete
  • Get points

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7. Curiosity C. Electronic Guests Mentoring
  • Find article or topic that is controversial
  • Invite person associated with that article
    (perhaps based on student suggestions)
  • Hold real time chat
  • Pose questions
  • Discuss and debrief (i.e., did anyone change
    their minds?)
  • (Alternatives Email Interviews with experts
  • Assignments with expert reviews)

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7. CuriosityD. Synchronous Chats
  1. Webinar, Webcast
  2. Guest speaker moderated (or open) QA forum
  3. Instructor meetings, private talk, admin help
  4. Quick Polls/Quizzes, Voting Ranking, Surveys
  5. Swami Questions
  6. Peer QA and Dialogue
  7. Team activities or meetings
  8. Brainstorming ideas, What-Ifs, Quick reflections
  9. Graphic Organizers in Whiteboard (e.g., Venn)
  10. Twenty Questions, Hot Seat, etc.

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Tech check since anything can happen
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E. Peer Questions Team Meeting
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F. Peer Questions Team Meeting Moderated
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8. TensionA. Role Play
  • A. Role Play Personalities
  • List possible roles or personalities (e.g.,
    coach, optimist, devils advocate, etc.)
  • Sign up for different role every week (or 5-6 key
    roles)
  • Reassign roles if someone drops class
  • Perform within rolesrefer to different
    personalities
  • B. Assume Persona of Scholar
  • Enroll famous people in your course
  • Students assume voice of that person for one or
    more sessions
  • Enter debate topic or Respond to debate topic
  • Respond to rdg reflections of others or react to
    own

101
8. Tension.B. Six Hats (from De Bono, 985
adopted for online learning by Karen Belfer,
2001, Ed Media)
  • White Hat Data, facts, figures, info (neutral)
  • Red Hat Feelings, emotions, intuition, rage
  • Yellow Hat Positive, sunshine, optimistic
  • Black Hat Logical, negative, judgmental, gloomy
  • Green Hat New ideas, creativity, growth
  • Blue Hat Controls thinking process
    organization
  • Note technique used in a business info systems
    class where discussion got too predictable!

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8. TensionD. Instructor Generated Virtual
Debate (or student generated)
  1. Select controversial topic (with input from
    class)
  2. Divide class into subtopic pairs one critic and
    one defender.
  3. Assign each pair a perspective or subtopic
  4. Critics and defenders post initial position stmts
  5. Rebut person in ones pair
  6. Reply to 2 positions with comments or qs
  7. Formulate and post personal positions.

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9. Interactive B. Critical/Constructive
Friends, Email Pals, Web Buddies
  • Assign a critical friend (perhaps based on
    commonalities).
  • Post weekly updates of projects, send reminders
    of due dates, help where needed.
  • Provide criticism to peer (I.e., what is strong
    and weak, whats missing, what hits the mark) as
    well as suggestions for strengthening.
  • In effect, critical friends do not slide over
    weaknesses, but confront them kindly and
    directly.
  • Reflect on experience.

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9. InteractiveC. Symposia, Press Conference, or
Panel of Experts
  1. Find topic during semester that peaks interest
  2. Find students who tend to be more controversial
  3. Invite to a panel discussion on a topic or theme
  4. Have them prepare statements
  5. Invite questions from audience (rest of class)
  6. Assign panelists to start

(Alternative Have a series of press conferences
at the end of small group projects one for each
group)
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10. Goal DrivenA. Group Problem Solving
  • Provide a real-world problem
  • Form a committee of learners to solve the problem
  • Assign a group reporter/manager
  • Provide interaction guidelines and deadlines
  • Brainstorming
  • Research
  • Negotiation
  • Drafting
  • Editing
  • Reflecting
  • Alternative Jigsaw Technique
  • Assign chapters within groups
  • (member 1 reads chapters 1 2 2 reads 3 4,
    etc.)

109
10. Goal DrivenB. Gallery Tours
  • Assign Topic or Project
  • (e.g., Team or Class White Paper, Bus Plan, Study
    Guide, Glossary, Journal, Model Exam Answers)
  • Students Post to Web
  • Experts Review and Rate
  • Try to Combine Projects

110
Motivational Top Ten
  • 1. Tone/Climate Ice Breakers, Peer Sharing
  • 2. Feedback Self-Tests, Reading Reactions
  • 3. Engagement Qing, Polling, Voting
  • 4. Meaningfulness Job/Field Reflections, Cases
  • 5. Choice Topical Discussions, Starter-Wrapper
  • 6. Variety Brainstorming, Roundrobins
  • 7. Curiosity Seances, Electronic Guests/Mentors
  • 8. Tension Role Play, Debates, Controversy
  • 9. Interactive E-Pals, Symposia, Expert Panels
  • 10. Goal Driven Group PS, Jigsaw, Gallery Tours

Pick One??? (circle one)
111
Pick an Idea
  • Definitely Will Use ___________________________
  • May Try to Use ___________________________
  • No Way ___________________________

112
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