Food Safety Risk Assessment: Overview and Applications

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PEST RISK ASSESSMENT FOR SCIRTOTHRIPS DORSALIS
THROUGH EXPORT OF CUT ROSES
FROM INDIA TO THE USA
Presented By Dr. M. SUGANTHY Asst. Professor
(Entomology), TNAU, Mr. K. KANAGADHILEEPAN,
Field Officer, Spice Board
INDO-US WORKSHOP ON RISK ANALYSIS AND
MODELING ANGRAU, HYDERABAD, INDIA 2007
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FACTS HAZARDS

• FACTS
• Export of cut roses from India to the USA
• Scirtothrips dorsalis is present in India
• Rose gardens are pre-harvest treated for S.
  dorsalis
• The roses are post harvest treated
• HAZARD
• Roses infested with thrips may be exported to the
  USA

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QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT
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PESTS AND DISEASES OF ROSES

• Pests
• Red spider mite
• Leaf rollers
• White fly
• Thrips
• Aphids
• Nematode

• Diseases
• Powdery mildew
• Downy mildew
• Botrytis
• Pruning die back
• Black leaf spot

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RISK AGENT

• Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood
• Chilli thrips
• Yellow tea thrips
• Strawberry thrips
• Thripidae
• Thysanoptera

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BIOLOGY OF THE RISK AGENT


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DISTRIBUTION MAP OF
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RISK CARRIER - CUT ROSES

• Production - 874 million stems
• Value - Rs.44.00 crores

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POTENTIAL PATHWAYS OF INTRODUCTION
Pre-cooling PHT
Spraying
Infested Field
Harvesting
Grading Packing
Export
Transport
Cold storage
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PEST RISK ANALYSIS
Rose cut flowers
Host
Scirtothrips dorsalis
Biotic and Abiotic
Risk Identification
Agent
Environment
Agent
Risk Diagnosis
IPM
Management
Resistant Varieties
SPS, Surveillance
Risk Management
Prevention
Quarantine
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ORIGIN RISK FACTORS

• Does the region of export contains S. dorsalis ?
• Yes (Rangarajan et al., 1977)
• Prevalence of S.dorsalis in India ?
• Endemic in nature. Occurs in many crops
  (Panickar and Patel, 2001)
• Geographic Environmental characteristics for
  the establishment of S. dorsalis in India ?
• S. dorsalis has high generational potential
  during periods of low rainfall and thrive under
  hot, dry conditions (Varadharajan and Veeravel,
  1995)

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ORIGIN RISK FACTORS

• What is the pests status in the EPPO?
• A2 regulated pest (EPPO, 2004)
• Surveillance systems for S. dorsalis in India ?
• Present. It forecasts the outbreak and forewarn
  the farmers to take up protective measures

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COMMODITY RISK FACTORS

• Type of commodity ?
• Cut flowers (roses)
• Pest present at time of harvest ?
• Present at the time of harvest if the field is
  not properly sanitized. But roses meant for
  export purposes are well protected with
  insecticides
• Is the pest associated with plant part to be
  exported ?
• Yes. It is associated with the flower buds and
  tender stems

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COMMODITY RISK FACTORS

• Pest expected to remain with commodity in viable
  form through harvest and packing ?
• Yes. It remains viable in the flower buds even
  after packing
• Nature of raw material used for packing?
• Roses are wrapped in a 15-20 cm wide plastic
  strip and sleeved in transport polyethylene.
  Cardboard boxes or telescopic
  style boxes made of corrugated fibre board are
  used for packing

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COMMODITY RISK FACTORS

• Intended use ?
• Aesthetic value - Decorative.
• Shipping ?
• Through air cargos
• Survivability of S. dorsalis in roses during
  transit?
• Survives. The pest can over winter at cooler
  temperature
• Interception data ?
• Interceptions of Scirtothrips sp have been
  reported 89 times since 1984, primarily on cut
  flowers and fruits (USDA 2003)

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DESTINATION RISK FACTORS

• Is S. dorsalis an quarantine pest of the USA ?
• Yes (CABI 2004 CABI and EPPO 2004)
• What is the pests status in the USA?
• Not present in the US (excluding Hawaii and
  Florida). Officially controlled (USDA Offshore
  Pest Information System, 2004 EPPO, 2004)
• Does the pest survive and multiply in the USA ?
• Approximately 28 of the USA would have a
  suitable climate for the survival and
  multiplication of S. dorsalis
• (Venette and Davis, 2004)

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DESTINATION RISK FACTORS

• Does the pest establish and spread in the USA ?
• Yes. It has

• Wide host range (NASS, 2002)
• Good reproductive potential
• Conditions suitable for establishment

(Venette and Davis, 2004)

• But interception records suggest that this pest
  is not frequently introduced to the US. So low
  probability of arrival would lessen the chances
  for establishment by this pest (USDA 2003)

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FEW COMMERCIAL HOSTS OF THRIPS IN THE USA

• Citrus
• Cotton
• Corn
• Mung bean
• Onion
• Peanut
• Pomegranate

• Rose
• Capsicum
• Soybean
• Strawberry
• Sunflower
• Tobacco
• Tomato

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COMMERCIAL HOSTS
Area under Corn
Area under Cotton
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COMMERCIAL HOSTS
Area under Capsicum
Area under Soybean
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ACREAGE OF 34 HOSTS OF S. DORSALIS GROWN DURING
2002
Cold temperature exclusion boundary where the
minimum daily temperature reaches -4ºC or below
on 5 or more days per year
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EXPECTED CONSEQUENCES OF INTRODUCTION OF
THRIPS

• Economic impacts
• Environmental impacts

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ECONOMIC IMPACTS

• S. dorsalis is a pest on soybeans in Indonesia
  (Miyazaki et al. 1984)
• Soybean is a third most important crop of USA
• Production value of soybean during 2004 16
  billion (NASS, 2005)
• It cause severe damage to cotton in India (Gupta
  et al. 1997)
• Production value of cotton during 2004 5
  billion
• 19 world production (NASS 2005).
• It is a serious pest of citrus in Japan (Tsuchiya
  et al. 1995)
• Production value of citrus during 2004 2.4
  billion (NASS, 2005)

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ECONOMIC IMPACTS

• It is a known vector of peanut bud necrosis virus
  (Campbell et al. 2005)
• Peanut yellow spot virus (PYSV) (Satyanarayana et
  al. 1996)
• Production value of peanut during 2004 one
  billion (NASS, 2005)
•  
• It is a known vector of tobacco streak virus (Rao
  et al. 2003)
• Production value of tobacco during 2004 - 1.75
  billion (NASS, 2005)
• Since it is a A2 regulated pest of EPPO, its
  establishment in the US could result in the loss
  of foreign markets for numerous agricultural
  commodities of the USA

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

• Threatened or endangered plant species of the USA
  are closely related to the host plants of S.
  dorsalis attack (FWS 2005)
• Causes the initiation of chemical control
  programs, which will have a negative
  environmental impact

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Risk Rating for Consequences of Introduction
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Risk Rating for Likelihood of Introduction
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Pest Risk Potential
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QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT
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SCENARIO TREE SHOWING THE RISK PATHWAY OF S.
DORSALIS
Roses infested in the farm ?
No
Yes
P1
1 - P1
P2
Roses infested at harvest (after PrHT)?
No
Yes
1 - P2
Roses infested even after PoHT?
P3
Yes
1 - P3
No
RISK
LESS RISK
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RISK PATHWAY TREE - CONSEQUENCES
Roses exported per year to the USA from India
Is the rose Infested in the garden ?
Is the rose infested at harvest ?
Is the rose still infested after PoHT ?
Entry of thrips into USA
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INITIATING EVENTDECISION TO ALLOW IMPORT OF CUT
ROSES FROM INDIA
Cut roses exported
F1 - Number of cut roses to be exported per year
---------------------------------
Year
P1 - Fraction of infested roses in the farm
Infested roses
--------------------------------
Cut roses
P2 - Fraction of infested roses at harvest
(1- Efficacy of PrHT)
Infested roses at harvest
--------------------------------------------------
Infested roses in the farm
P3 - Fraction of Infested roses even after PHT
(1 - Efficacy of PHT)
Infested roses after PHT
-------------------------------------------
Infested roses at harvest
Entry of thrips into the USA
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• Probability of an exported rose cause
  establishment
• p P1P2P3 5.00E-09
• Probability of at least one establishment
  
• q 1 - 1 - pF 4.99E-03
• Frequency of establishments
  
• k Fp 5.00E-03

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Quantitative Analysis
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Risk Management Options

• Field level sanitation
• Cultivation under controlled conditions
• Removal and destruction of the infested plants
• Harvest of flowers from pest free areas
• Phytosanitary inspection and certification
• Inspection at port of entry
• Treatment at the point of entry or destination

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TREATMENTS

• Pre-harvest
• Prophylactic spray with
• Chlorfenapyr
• Spinosad
• Imidacloprid
• Abamectin
• Thiacloprid
• Acephate
• Chlorpyrifos
• Dichlorvos

• Post harvest
• Fumigation - 20 g/m3 of methyl bromide
• 2 hours
• 100 kill

(Kostyukovsky et al., 2002)
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INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT APPROACH
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MANAGEMENT OF THRIPS IN ROSES
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Dr. M. SUGANTHY Assistant Professor
(Entomology) Department of Oil Seeds Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University COIMBATORE, Tamil
Nadu INDIA - 641 003 suganthyento_at_rediffmail.com s
uganthyento_at_gmail.com
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Thank You