LEARNING

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LEARNING

• Any relatively permanent change in behaviour that
  occurs as a result of experience.
• learning involves change
• the change must be relatively permanent
• learning takes place where there is a change in
  actions. A change in an individuals thought
  processes or attitudes, if accompanied by no
  change in behaviour, would not be learning.
• some form of experience is necessary for
  learning.

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• Theories of Learning
• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning
• Social Learning
• Classical Conditioning (Russian Physiologist
  Ivan Pavlov)
• a type of conditioning where an individual
  responds to some stimulus that would invariably
  not produce such a response.
• - learning a conditioned response involves
  building up an association between a conditioned
  stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

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Before Conditioning
Bell
No Salivation Food
Salivation
CS
UR
US
UR
While Conditioning
Bell
Salivation Food
CS
UR
US
After Conditioning
Bell
Salivation
CR
CS
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• - Classical Conditioning is passive.
  Something happens and we react in a specific way.
  It is elicited in response to a specific,
  identifiable event. As such it can explain simple
  reflexive behaviours.
• Most behaviour particularly the complex
  behaviour of individuals in organizations is
  emitted rather than elicited. It is voluntary
  rather than reflexive. The learning of these
  behaviours is understood better by looking at
  operant conditioning.
• Operant Conditioning
• (Harvard psychologist B.F. Skinner)
• .is a type of conditioning in which desired
  voluntary behaviour leads to a reward or prevents
  a punishment.

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• - Operant conditioning aruges that behaviour
  is a function of its consequences. It says that
  behaviour cannot be trained through some stimuli.
  Behaviour is caused due to certain consequence
  happened with an individual. This says that
  behaviour is likely to be repeated if
  consequences are favourable and not likely to be
  repeated if they are unfavourable.
• - The tendency to repeat such behaviour is
  influenced as a result of the reinforcement or
  lack of reinforcement brought about by the
  consequences of the behaviour. Reinforcement,
  therefore, strengthens a behaviour and increases
  the likelihood that it will be repeated.
• Social Learning (Albert Bandura)
• - People can learn through observation and
  direct experience.

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• - Social learning theory is an extension of
  operant conditioning. It assumes that behaviour
  is a function of consequences and also
  acknowledges the existence of observational
  learning and the importance of perception in
  learning. People respond to how they perceive and
  define consequences, not to the objective
  consequences themselves.
• The processes involved are
• 1. Attentional Processes People can
  learn from a model
• only when they pay attention to its
  critical features.
• 2. Retention Processes A model influence
  will depend on
• how well the individual remembers the
  models action
• after the model is no longer readily
  available.

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• 3. Motor Reproduction Processes After a
  person has seen a
• new behaviour by observing the model, the
  watching must be
• converted to doing.
• 4. Reinforcement Processes Individuals will
  be motivated to
• exhibit the modeled behaviour if positive
  incentives or
• rewards are provided.

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• Thank You

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