The role of nuclear export controls in promoting peaceful uses of the nuclear energy and preventing - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 12
About This Presentation
Title:

The role of nuclear export controls in promoting peaceful uses of the nuclear energy and preventing

Description:

The pending proliferation of nuclear weapons and the increasing likelihood that ... a nuclear attack is the greatest current threat to the global nuclear regime today. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:173
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 13
Provided by: u2044
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: The role of nuclear export controls in promoting peaceful uses of the nuclear energy and preventing


1
The role of nuclear export controls in promoting
peaceful uses of the nuclear energy and
preventing its misuse Zangger Committees
experience
  • Pavel Klucký
  • Chairman of the Zangger Committee
  • Head of Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Unit
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic
  • Annual conference of the South Asian Strategic
    Stability Institute
  • Brussels, 16-17 November 2006
  • Disclaimer The views and opinions expressed
    herein do not necessarily state or reflect those
    of the Zangger Committee as a whole.

2
Role of nuclear export controls in promoting
peaceful uses of the nuclear energy and
preventing its misuse
  • The pending proliferation of nuclear weapons and
    the increasing likelihood that terrorists may
    conduct a nuclear attack is the greatest current
    threat to the global nuclear regime today.

3
Message of the Súrat ul-Zalzalah quite
adequately reflects the reasons why we are all
playing our part in preventing nuclear
proliferation.
  • When Earth is shaken with her (final) earthquake
  • And Earth yieldeth up her burdens,
  • And man saith What aileth her ?
  • That day she will relate her chronicles,
  • Because thy Lord inspireth her.
  • That day mankind will issue forth in scattered
    groups to be shown their deeds.
  • And whoso doeth good an atom's weight will see it
    then,
  • And whoso doeth ill an atom's weight will see it
    then.
  • Mohammed Marmaduke Pickthall's Interpretation

4
My address is divided into four parts
  • I. The origin and the tasks of the Zangger
    Committee (ZC)
  • II. The ZC and the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
  • III. The ZC and the NPT review conferences.
  • IV. My personal views on the future of the export
    controls
  • More documents could be found on the ZC
    website www.zanggercommitte.org

5
The origin and the tasks of the Zangger Committee
  • The origin of ZC is closely connected with the
    Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
  • Main reason for establishment a lack of
    specificity in export controls required by the
    Treaty, namely by its Article III, paragraph 2 a)
    and b).
  • 15 States as suppliers or potential suppliers of
    nuclear material and equipment established NPT
    Exporters Committee in Vienna between 1971-1974
  • 36 members including all nuclear weapon States.
    Decisions are taken by consensus and are not
    legally binding for its members and they are
    implemented through members respective domestic
    export control legislation.

6
ZC Understandings
  • The Article III.2 of the NPT has two
    subparagraphs.
  • The subparagraph a) deals with source and special
    fissionable material and subparagraph
    Memorandum A
  • The subparagraph b) deals with equipment or
    material especially designed or prepared for the
    processing, use or production of special
    fissionable material Memorandum B Trigger
    List .
  • Both Memoranda Consolidated Trigger List
    published by IAEA in INFCIRC/209 series. Export
    of any item on this list triggers IAEA
    safeguards as the condition for supply.

7
Conditions of supply for exports or re-exports to
non-nuclear-weapon States
  • (a) Source or special fissionable material either
    directly transferred, or produced, processed, or
    used in the facility for which the transferred
    item is intended, shall not be diverted to
    nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive
    devices
  • (b) Such source or special fissionable material,
    as well as transferred equipment and non-nuclear
    material, shall be subject to safeguards under an
    agreement with the International Atomic Energy
    Agency (IAEA)
  • (c) Source or special fissionable material, and
    equipment and non-nuclear material shall not be
    re-exported to a non-nuclear-weapon State unless
    the recipient State accepts safeguards on the
    re-exported item.

8
Zangger Committee and NSG
  • The NSG was established in 1975
  • Reason for establishment
  • Indias nuclear explosion in 1974
  • Oil energy supply crisis in 1973
  • Growth of the demand for nuclear equipments
  • Need to bring all major nuclear suppliers at that
    time regardless their relationship to the NPT
  • Prevent commercial competition, that could
    stimulate proliferation of sensitive exports.
  • The original London Guidelines INFCIRC/254.
  • Two more criteria for supply
  • application of physical protection
  • the know-how clause
  • The NSG re-emerged after the Gulf war and
    established dual-use regime as the Part 2 to
    its Guidelines.
  • DUR goes further beyond the text of the NPT.

9
The ZC and the NPT review conferences
  • The ZC has enjoyed the long-standing recognition
    by the NPT as the faithful interpreter of the
    Article III.2.
  • The Final Document of the 1975 NPT REVCON
  • "With regard to the implementation of article
    III, paragraph 2 of the Treaty, the Conference
    notes that a number of States suppliers of
    material or equipment have adopted certain
    minimum, standard requirements for IAEA
    safeguards in connection with their exports of
    certain such items to non-nuclear-weapon States
    not party to the Treaty (IAEA document
    INFCIRC/209/Rev.2). The Conference attaches
    particular importance to the condition
    established by those States, of an undertaking of
    non-diversion to nuclear weapons or other nuclear
    explosive devices, as included in the said
    requirements".
  • 1990 ZC was mentioned by name and the conference
    provided a brief description of its aims and
    practices.
  • 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference
    INFCIRC/482

10
Future of nuclear export controls- my personal
views I
  • Regardless of the fact the NPT has not reached
    universality - the nuclear export controls
    principles based on the NPT principles turned
    gradually into generally recognized mechanisms by
    international community
  • Many countries outside of the regimes are able to
    produce items on the regimes lists.
  • After UNSCR 1540 (2004) the national export
    controls - including nuclear field have become
    an indispensable legal part of the world
    non-proliferation regime architecture.
  • Universally applicable nuclear export controls
    could be an answer to the present challenges to
    the nuclear proliferation.

11
Future of nuclear export controls- my personal
views II
  • Hans Blixs Weapons of Mass Destruction
    Committee (WMDC) recommendation No. 47
  • All states should conduct audits of their export
    control enforcement agencies (customs, police,
    coastguard, border control and military) to
    ensure that they can carry out their tasks
    effectively.
  • States should seek to establish a universal
    system of export controls providing harmonized
    standards, enhanced transparency and practical
    support for implementation.
  • Members of the five export control regimes
    should promote a widening of their membership and
    improve implementation in view of current
    security challenges, without impeding legitimate
    trade and economic development.
  • Advice and assistance through export control
    regimes such as the ZC and the NSG
  • The enhanced cooperation could result in a new
    quality of the relationship
  • Establishment of an export control system in the
    nuclear export controls?
  • Integrating information and policies of export
    controls with the IAEA safeguards system
  • IAEA Director General Muhamed ElBaradais
    initiative to revisit the concept of multilateral
    approaches to the nuclear fuel cycle
  • Voluntary International Physical Protection
    Advisory Service (IPPAS) mission to the recipient
    State

12
Muhammad Iqbal The Moon and Stars
  • In motion is the life of the universeThis is an
    age-old custom of this placeThe horse of time
    is ever runningFlogged by the desire for
    searchResting on this path is
    inappropriateConcealed in the rest's cloak is
    deathThose who were moving, have moved
    away!Those halting a little, have been trampled!
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com