AQMEuropean Experience: Addressing Industrial Air Pollution

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• AQM-European Experience Addressing Industrial
  Air Pollution
• Magnus Gislev
• European Commission
• Delegation in China

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Contents of the presentation

• 1. Background
• 2. EU Air Quality Legislation and National
  Emission Ceilings
• 3. EU Integrated Pollution Prevention and
  Control Directive
• 4. European taxes, charges and emissions
  trading
• 5. The new EU Air Pollution Strategy

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Background to EU AQM policy

• 370.000 European citizens are estimated to die
  prematurely every year due to bad air quality
• Air pollution is also causing severe damage to
  ecosystems through acid rain and deposition of
  eutrophying substances
• Worrying trends (energy, transport)
• Air does not respect borders
• Internal EU market global economy

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Loss in life expectancy attributable to exposure
to fine particulate matter
2000
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EU Air Pollution Legislation
Concentrations
Emissions
Framework Directive
1St Daughter
National emissions ceilings
Mobile Sources
Stationary sources
2nd Daughter
3rd Daughter
LCPs
Incineration
VOCs
IPPC
4th Daughter
Exchange Information
Non-road
Fuels Quality
Road
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EU Air Quality Framework Directive

• Directive 96/62 Framework obligations
• capacity building
• define zones and agglomerations
• Perform assessment Measurement/modelling
• Inform the public
• Report to the Commission
• Management
• Maintain air quality where good
• If ConcgtLimit Value Margin of tolerance
• Prepare, implement plans and programmes

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EU Air Quality Daughter Directives

• Air quality standards, minimum monitoring
  requirements, stations criteria, reference
  methods
• Directive 99/30
• limit values for PM10, NOx, SO2 and lead
• Directive 2000/69
• limit values for benzene and CO
• Directive 2002/3
• Target values for Ozone
• Monitoring of ozone precursors (NO2, VOCs)
• Directive 2004/107
• Target values BaP, HM (excluding Hg)

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National Emission Ceilings (1)
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National Emission Ceilings (2)

• Objective
• To set total national ceilings for pollutants
  causing acidification and eutrofication and for
  ozone precursors for the protection of the
  environment and human health
• Reduce areas with critical loads at least 50
  compared to 1990
• Ground level ozone by 2/3 (health) 1/3 (eco)
• Management
• national programme has to be prepared and
  communicated to the Commission
• implemented to stay below ceiling by 2010

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NEC required reductions
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IPPC permit system
IPPC Integrated Pollution Prevention and
Control Directive, 96/61/EC in force since
October 1999
Permit
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Scope of IPPC

• The IPPC Directive covers
• 1. Prevention of pollution caused by production
• selection of raw materials
• cleaner production processes
• 2. Control of pollution caused by production
• end-of-pipe abatement techniques

It does not cover - Pollution caused by products
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IPPC Activities covered
Annex I CATEGORIES OF INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES

• Energy industries
• Production and processing of metals
• Mineral industry
• Chemical industry
• Waste management
• Other activities
• Production of pulp and paper
• Pre-treatment of textiles
• Tanning of hides
• Slaughterhouses and processing of food products
• Disposal of animal waste
• Rearing of poultry or pigs
• Printing, coating, degreasing, waterproofing etc.
• Production of carbon or electrographite

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IPPC Key provisions

• integrated, decentralised permit procedure
• public participation and access to information
  including an emission register
• emission limit values based on Best Available
  Techniques (BAT) and Environmental Quality
  Standards
• exchange of information on BAT and associated
  monitoring
• existing EU emission limit values are minimum
  requirements

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Best Available Techniques
most effective in achieving a high general level
of protection of the environment as a whole
developed on a scale to be implemented in the
relevant industrial sector, under economically
and technically viable conditions, advantages
balanced against costs
the technology used and the way the installation
is designed, built, maintained, operated and
decommissioned
Best
Available
Techniques
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BAT reference document

• Best Available Techniques reference document
• on large combustion plants
• available on Internet http//eippcb.jrc.es

What not?
What is it?
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Pollutant Emission Register
European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER)

• Principal emissions (37 air and 26 water
  pollutants ? 50 in total) and IPPC sources
  responsible
• Published every 3 years
• First occasion in February 2004 (EU-15)

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Pollutant Emission Register

• Example PM10 emissions in 2001 from IPPC sources

http//www.eper.cec.eu.int
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Pollutant Emission Register

• Example 10 highest SOx emitting installations in
  EU (2001)

• CENTRAL TERMICA AS PONTES 315,000.00 t
• PPC S.A., SES MEGALOPOLIS A' (I, II, III)
  161,000.00 t
• Unidad de Producción Térmica Teruel 152,000.00 t
  
• CENTRALE TERMOELETTRICA DI PORTO TOLLE 72,700.00
  t
• CENTRAL TERMICA DE MEIRAMA 70,600.00 t
• EDF ENERGY (COTTAM POWER) LTD 70,500.00 t
• EDF ENERGY (WEST BURTON POWER) LTD 68,500.00 t
  
• Scottish Power Generation uk 68,200.00 t
• UPT COMPOSTILLA 61,600.00 t
• BRITISH ENERGY PLC 59,900.00 t

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Emissions trading in Europe

• EU greenhouse gas emissions trading first
  economic instrument at EU level
• National CO2 systems in UK and Denmark
• NOx trading in Netherlands
• SO2 trading in Slovakia
• More plans triggered by the National Emission
  Ceilings Directive?

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Dutch NOx emissions trading scheme

• Introduced in the Netherlands in parallel with EU
  CO2 trading scheme
• Triggered by national ceilings of -50 by 2010
  and -75 by 2020
• Major considerations include
• - local effects
• - application of Best Available Techniques
• - monitoring and environmental management
  systems
• - cooperation by industry and enforcement

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Emission taxes and charges

• Sweden has highest S, N taxes in the World
• SO2 tax 2 /kg
• Sweden has a NOx charge of 6 /kg, 99 of
  revenues are refunded according to useful energy
  output
• Since 1990 specific NOx emissions in Sweden have
  dropped by over 40 to lowest levels world-wide
• Other EU countries also have taxes (e.g. Denmark
  on SO2 and individual Spanish regions on SO2)

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Environmental taxes and charges

• Environmental tax bases and applications are
  spreading steadily in Europe
• Design important exemptions, recycling of
  revenues in exchange for good performance
• Very few attempts to base tax rates on external
  costs
• Little evidence of less competitiveness

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Policy mixes

• From optimal instrument to optimal mix
• Mixes are rule not the exception
• Many combinations found
• Balance of effectiveness and efficiency/costs

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New EU Strategy on Air Pollution

• Euro 5 for cars and vans
• Euro 6 for Heavy Duty Engines
• Revision of the National Emission Ceilings
• Small scale combustion
• Ship NOx engine standards
• Agriculture
• Revise Air quality legislation