Title: Country Patterns of Labour Market Entry and Early Career
1Country Patterns of Labour Market Entry and Early
Career
- Péter Róbert
- TARKI Social Research Institute,
- Budapest, Hungary
- Paper prepared for the DECOWE Conference,
Ljubljana, 24-26 September 2009
2Outline of the presentation
- Research ambition and questions
- Conceptual background and hypotheses
- Data issues REFLEX and HEGESCO
- Construction of the measurements
- Methodology
- Results on country patterns
- Discussion and policy relevance
3Research objective LM entry and early career
- Easiness and fastness of LM entry
- - length of job search
- Match between education and current job
- - over-education, underemployment
- - performance gap / credential gap
- - objective / subjective approach
- Early career
- - unemployment experience
4Conceptual backgroundOLM / ILM and EPL
- Internal vs. occupational markets production vs.
training approach organisational vs.
qualificational mobility space - - tracking in the school system, vocational
specificity, signalling function - Employment protection legislation
- - insider vs. outsider labour market
5HypothesesThe effects of OLM / ILM and EPL
- LM entry is easier and faster under the
conditions of OLM due to better signaling
function - Better match between qualifications and jobs
under OLM as the study program is more vocational
oriented - Stronger EPL makes LM entry more difficult as
insiders are better protected - Weaker EPL increases the risk of mobility out of
first job including the risk of unemployment
6Data REFLEX and HEGESCO
- REFLEX
- Fielded in 2005
- Covers graduates 5 years after completing
university in 1999 /2000 - Countries Austria, France, Belgium, Germany, UK,
Netherlands, Norway, Finland, Portugal, Spain,
Italy, Estonia, Czech Rep.
- HEGESCO
- Fielded in 2008 / 2009
- Covers graduates 5 years after completing
university in 2002 /2003 - Countries Slovenia, Poland, Lithuania, Hungary,
Turkey
- Identical questionnaire, same topics
7Countries Predicted typology
8Dimensions and indicators
- Labour market entry
- - Job search lasted longer than 6 months
- Match between qualification and current job
- - Working in a job that does not require diploma
(based on ISCO title) - - Feels that working in a job that requires a
level of schooling below tertiary education - - Feels that his/her skills are underutilized in
current job - Early career
- - Experienced unemployment at least one time
9Methodology Cluster analysis
- An explorative technique to display country
patterns based on typical combination of
characteristics ( input indicators see above) - Analysis is performed on country level data (N
18) - Dendogram the process how countries that are
more similar (closer to each other) are grouped
together - Selected cluster solution countries are grouped
and characterized by the indicators that served
as input variables for the method
10Dendogram from cluster analysis
11Cluster solution Cluster 1
12Cluster solution Cluster 2
13Cluster solution Cluster 3-4
14Discussion Limitations
- Selection effect only those analyzed who entered
the labour market - Conceptual background has been developed and
tested earlier for the entire population of LM
entrants and not only for graduates - Indicators were carefully selected but a wider
range of them can only be applied if dimensions
analyzed separately
15Discussion Lessons
- Returns to human capital are not homogeneous in
the various societies, institutional differences
reshape labour market entry and early career of
graduates - OLM / ILM and EPL turned out to be relevant for a
large number of countries in the case of several
indicators - Country differences are not solely along the
lines of former political regimes - - the major added value of the HEGESCO project is
that including further new EU member states makes
clear the existing variation among them - - similarly large distance between Estonia and
Hungary, and Norway and Spain.
16Discussion Policy implications
- Governments
- - Further increase of internationalizing the
national higher education system in terms of
study programs, methods, international contacts
is crucial requirement - Employers
- - Collecting more information about study
programs ? Increasing the signaling function of
education despite of the expansion at tertiary
level ? Decrease of underemployment - Universities
- - Strengthening professional expertise with
practical orientation - - Increasing collaboration with employers ?
better signaling function of education ? helping
decreasing search costs of employers and making
easier the LM entry for the students
17Thank you!
- Péter Róbert
- TARKI Social Research Institute
- Budaorsi ut 45
- 1112. Budapest, Hungary
- E-mail robert_at_tarki.hu