Ch 3 Mental Prisms of Leadership by Fenwick English

1
Chapter 3 (Dr. Fenwick W. English)THE ART OF
EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIPBALANCING PERFORMANCE AND
ACCOUNTABILTIY

• MENTAL PRISMS OF LEADERSHIP
• Alison McBride
• William Allan Kritsonis, PhD

Presenter Notes
Performance as an educational leader is dependent
on how the leader sees events, situations and
challenges. This chapter explores how leaders
discern what is good and truethe foundation of
their beliefs. Also explored is how personal
blind spots (biases) can be revealed. Finally,
how assumptions have been used to guide
educational leadership theories will be discussed.

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The optical prism the premise for mental
leadership

• In optics, a prism is a transparent optical
  element with a flat, polished surface that
  refract light.
• Prisms can be used to break up, reflect or split
  light into various components.

Presenter Notes
A quick note about positioning, stacking, and
grouping shapes

By positioning shapes, you put them where they
work best.

By stacking shapes, you give them more places to
work in.

By grouping shapes, you make them work together
so that you can work faster.

The rest of the course covers these concepts in
detail.

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THE ART OF LEADERSHIP

Presenter Notes
The Art of Leadership is performance .
Performance is anchored in a leaders beliefs.
Beliefs are comprise of an individuals notion of
what is good and true. These beliefs are the
cornerstone of an educational leaders
?????(Pg.53)

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TACTILE VS. MENTAL

• OPTICAL PRISM

• MENTAL PRISM

• TRANSPARENT
• POLISHED
• MULTI-DIMENTIONAL
• REFRACTIVE (HOW IT DISTORTS LIGHT)

• A LEADER IS SEEN BY HIS ACTIONS
• A LEADER MUST STICK TO HIS BELIEFS
• A LEADER MUST HAVE DIFFERENT SIDES DEPENDING ON
  THE SITUATION
• REALITY IS DISTORTED BY A LEADERS SITUATIONAL
  INTERPRETATION

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• Diagrams are great because they communicate more
  efficiently than a bunch of text. But some
  diagrams fail because of the sloppy positioning
  of their shapes.
• Positioning shapes on the page expertly and
  neatly will not only make your diagrams look
  good, but will also help communicate the
  information within them more clearly.

A messy flowchart and an orderly one

Presenter Notes
In this illustration, the diagram on the right is
obviously easier to understand because its
better organized. Your eye can easily follow the
connections of the shapes. The diagram on the
left looks random and is difficult to follow.

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Use the grid and the rulers

• If a diagram contains many shapes, it has the
  potential to get cluttered. One way to fight the
  clutter is to arrange shapes by using the grid
  and the rulers.

When you first add shapes to the page or position
shapes, use the grid lines to keep them straight.
And keep an eye on the grid to make sure your
shapes are evenly spaced.
The grid and rulers

Presenter Notes
Flowcharts, org charts, and Web site diagrams are
examples of diagrams with high clutter potential.

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Use the grid and the rulers

• The rulers are also invaluable. Use them to see
  the exact distance between shapes or to know just
  how big a certain shape is.

By default, shapes snap to the grid lines and the
measurement lines on the rulers. So you dont
have to do fussy hand work to position a shape
It puts itself where you want it and then stays
there unless you move it.
The grid and rulers

Presenter Notes
Spacing and size are especially important if
youre creating a detailed office layout or
building plan that will control physical
measurements.

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Follow the guides

• Even more visible than the grid lines are the
  guides vertical or horizontal lines that you can
  place on a page.
• You drag guides from a ruler, and by default they
  appear blue, as in the illustration.

Guides another way to keep things orderly
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Follow the guides

• Guides help you organize your diagrams according
  to their content.

For example, if you know that your flowchart
shows three processes, you can evenly space three
vertical guides on the page. Then you can
position the shapes running down each one.
Guides another way to keep things orderly

Presenter Notes
Tip Guides are also handy to mark off the
margins of the page. And in case youre
wondering, guides dont show up on printed
diagrams. Theyre your secret.

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Open the Size Position window

• Sometimes using a mouse to position or size a
  shape can be difficult. What if Visio snaps your
  shape to a location you dont want, or you cant
  seem to let go of the mouse button at the right
  time?
• The cure for these woes and the key to
  positioning shapes precisely is the Size
  Position window, and it is found on the View
  menu.

The Size Position window with X and Y
coordinates

Presenter Notes
An example of when you might need to position
shapes precisely if youre working on an office
layout and need to position a desk to represent
its exact location.

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Open the Size Position window

• The location of a shape is stated in terms of X
  and Y coordinates

• The X coordinate is the position on the
  horizontal ruler at the top of the page.
• The Y coordinate is the position on the vertical
  ruler at the left of the page.
• The point where these meet is the shapes pin .
  

The Size Position window with X and Y
coordinates
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Open the Size Position window

• To move the shape, type in new numbers for the
  coordinates. The shape will automatically shift
  to that exact location.

To size the shape, type new numbers for width and
height. The shape edges change to those exact
dimensions, while the shape pin stays where it
was before.
The Size Position window with X and Y
coordinates
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Command shapes to align themselves

• The grid, rulers, and guides are great when you
  create a diagram in a planned, organized way. But
  sometimes youll prefer to work more freely and
  spontaneously, organizing as you go.
• So while youre working freehand or when youre
  finished, you can tidy up your diagram by using
  the Align Shapes command on the Shapes menu.

The Align Shapes command can be a real time saver.
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Command shapes to align themselves

• Align Shapes makes it simple to line up your
  shapes Select the shape you want the others to
  line up with, then click the alignment option you
  want.

In the example you see here, a vertical alignment
button got these shapes in line. Its like a
sheepdog for shapes.
The Align Shapes command can be a real time saver.
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Distribute shapes evenly

• You can use the grid, the rulers, and guides to
  position shapes one by one, but what if youve
  got dozens of shapes in your diagram?
• The Distribute Shapes command on the Shapes menu
  will get you home in time for dinner.

Space patrol the Distribute Shapes command
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Distribute shapes evenly

• Lets say youve got the shapes you want on the
  page, but one is too close to another, and
  another is too far away.

The ideal arrangement is to have an equal amount
of space between all the shapes.
Space patrol the Distribute Shapes command
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Distribute shapes evenly

• You can do this in three steps, without any fussy
  mouse work

• Select three or more shapes.
• On the Shapes menu, click Distribute Shapes.
• Choose a distribution option. In this example, a
  horizontal distribution option evened things out.

Space patrol the Distribute Shapes command

Presenter Notes
Note to trainer Stepsgiven in either numbered
or bulleted listsare always shown in yellow
text.

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Rotate shapes

• Sometimes a shape is placed right and sized right
  but still needs one good turn.
• For example, you might want to rotate an arrow to
  point where it should. Or you might want turn a
  desk in an office layout to get more light from a
  window.

Rotating 1-D and 2-D shapes
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Rotate shapes

• To rotate 2-D shapes, use the green rotation
  handle . Just click and drag the handle to the
  new position.

To rotate 1-D shapes, click and drag either the
beginning point or the ending point, swinging the
shape around to where you want it.
Rotating 1-D and 2-D shapes
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Flip shapes

• And now for a different kind of rotation.
  Sometimes you need to rotate a shape, not by
  turning it around, but rather as if you were
  turning it over, to create a mirror-image
  reversed version.
• This is called flipping a shape. Yes, just like a
  pancake.

When rotating wont do, simply flip.
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Flip shapes

• You can flip shapes horizontally or vertically.

• When you flip a shape horizontally, the flip
  action occurs from side to side.
• When you flip a shape vertically, the flip action
  occurs from top to bottom.

When rotating wont do, simply flip.
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Suggestions for practice

• Take a look at the practice diagram.
• Use the rulers and create some guides.
• Position shapes using the guides and grid.
• Use the Size Position window.
• Try nudging a shape.
• Align shapes and distribute spacing.
• Rotate shapes and flip a shape.

Online practice (requires Visio 2003)

Presenter Notes
Note to trainer With Visio 2003 installed on
your computer, you can click the link in the
slide to go to an online practice. In the
practice, you can work through each of these
tasks in Visio, with instructions to guide you.
Important If you dont have Visio 2003, you
wont be able to access the practice
instructions.

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Test 1, question 1

• How do you access the Size Position window?
  (Pick one answer.)

• Select a shape, and then double-click the Width
  or Height value in the status bar at the bottom
  of the program.
• On the Shape menu, click Size Position Window.
• On the View menu, click Shapes Window.
• On the View menu, click Size Position Window.

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Test 1, question 1 Answer

• On the View menu, click Size Position Window.

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Test 1, question 2

• Suppose you have a shape of a house with a tree
  on the left side. If you flipped the shape
  vertically, what would the result look like?
  (Pick one answer.)

• The house would be upside down, the roof would be
  pointing down, and the tree would be pointing
  down as well.
• The house would be tipped sideways with the roof
  and tree pointing to the left.
• It would look the same, because flipping returns
  the shape to the original position

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Test 1, question 2 Answer

• The house would be upside down, the roof would be
  pointing down, and the tree would be pointing
  down as well.

When you flip vertically, the shapes flip from
top to bottom or vice versa.
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Lesson 2

• Stack shapes to relate shapes

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Stack shapes to relate shapes

• Sometimes the position of shapes isnt enough to
  convey a relationship. Additional visual
  information is required.
• This network diagram contains shapes placed under
  and on top of each other in a particular stacking
  order. Using stacking order the right way can
  make complex relationships easier to understand
  in your diagrams.

Relationships become clearer when you use
stacking order.

Presenter Notes
A closer look at the two clusters of computers
shown in the diagram You can see that each
department has two computers and one printer. The
underlying circles tell you so. If those circles
weren't there, the situation wouldnt be so
clear. In Visio, each of those circles is said to
be below the computer equipment. And the square
is below the two circles.

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How shapes stack up

• Take a look at the illustration, and the concept
  of stacking order will be more clear to you.
• Although youll never see stacked shapes from the
  side in Visio, imagining them like this helps you
  get the picture.

Shapes viewed from the side to show stacking order
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How shapes stack up

• By default, Visio puts shapes in a stacking order
  as you add them to the page. The rule to remember
  for how Visio establishes the stacking order is
  The last one wins.

What that means is, the last shape you place on
the page is the highest in the stacking order.
Shapes viewed from the side to show stacking order

Presenter Notes
In this example, the computer is on the top of
the other shapes because it was the last one
added to the page.

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How shapes stack up

• But this rule doesnt always work to your
  advantage. For example, what if you added the
  computer, and then added the circle? The circle
  would hide the computer, and thats no help.

Obviously, knowing how to change the stacking
order will help tremendously.
Shapes viewed from the side to show stacking order
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How to change the stacking order

• To change a shapes position in the stacking
  order, select the shape, and then point to Order
  on the Shape menu.
• Youll see four options. Bring to Front or Send
  to Back moves a shape all the way in the stacking
  order.

Changing the stacking order for a shape
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How to change the stacking order

• If your stacking order includes many shapes,
  however, you may not want a shape to go all the
  way to the front or back of the order.

In that case, you can move the shape forward or
backward a step at a time, by choosing either
Send Forward or Send Backward.
Changing the stacking order for a shape
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Suggestions for practice

• Take a look at the practice diagram.
• Add the rectangle and change its stacking order.
• Add the circles and change the stacking order in
  other ways.
• Connect the Accounting and Sales circles.

Online practice (requires Visio 2003)

Presenter Notes
Note to trainer With Visio 2003 installed on
your computer, you can click the link in the
slide to go to an online practice. In the
practice, you can work through each of these
tasks in Visio, with instructions to guide you.
Important If you dont have Visio 2003, you
wont be able to access the practice
instructions.

35
Test 2, question 1

• Why might you want to specify a stacking order
  for shapes? (Pick one answer.)

• To show a sideways view of how boxes are stacked
  in a storeroom.
• To show relationships by placing shapes in front
  of or behind each other.
• So that you can number shapes in specific
  sequence.
• So that you can arrange the shapes in an even and
  orderly fashion.

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Test 2, question 1 Answer

• To show relationships by placing shapes in front
  of or behind each other.

Stacking order lets you indicate which shapes
belong logically with other shapes, and makes
separate categories visually distinct.
37
Test 2, question 2

• How do you move a shape to the back of the order?
  (Pick one answer.)

• On the Shape menu, click Lay Out Shapes, and then
  click Shallow or Deep for the Depth option.
• On the Shape menu, point to Order, and then click
  Send to Back.
• On the Format menu, click Behavior, and then
  click Send to Back.

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Test 2, question 2 Answer

• On the Shape menu, point to Order, and then click
  Send to Back.

You can also right-click a shape and follow this
same process. After right-clicking the shape,
click Shape on the shortcut menu. Then point to
Order, and then click Send to Back. But here's
one more tip The keyboard shortcut is
CTRLSHIFTB.
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Test 2, question 3

• You add a square to the page, then a circle, and
  then a triangle. Which shape will be on the top
  of the stacking order? (Pick one answer.)

• The square since it was added first, it wins.
• The triangle since it was added last, it wins.
• The circle because it doesnt have any corners,
  it wins.
• The smallest shape because it mustnt be
  covered, it wins.

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Test 2, question 3 Answer

• The triangle since it was added last, it wins.

The triangle will be on top in the stacking
order.
41
Lesson 3

• Group shapes together

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How to group shapes together

• Suppose youve made a map with several buildings
  clustered together. But oopsThe cluster of
  buildings is on the wrong street. You need to
  move all the buildings down one block.
• You could select each one and move it down
  separately. Ormore efficientlyyou could group
  the buildings so that the cluster stays bound
  together, and move them all at once.

To move all the buildings, group them first.
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Select, then group

• The first step in grouping shapes is to select
  the shapes.
• You can do this by holding down the SHIFT key
  while you click them, or by dragging a selection
  net around them.

Grouping shapes
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Select, then group

• When youve got the shapes selected, click Group
  on the Shape menu. Thats it The shapes are now
  grouped.

You can do anything to a group of shapes that you
can do to a single shape resize, rotate, align
it with others, and so on. Visio treats a group
as one big 2-D shape.
Grouping shapes

Presenter Notes
Tip The shortcut key for grouping is
CTRLSHIFTG. (Think G for Group.)

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Change just one shape within a group

• Even after youve grouped shapes, you can still
  edit just one of the shapes in the group.

• Click the group to select it.
• Click again to select a shape within the group.

Selecting a shape within a group

Presenter Notes
Lets use our cluster of buildings as an example.
If three buildings are grouped together as one,
how do you hone in on one of the buildings to
resize it a little, or maybe change its color?

46
Change just one shape within a group

• When one shape is selected, it appears with green
  handles, but these handles have Xs in them. This
  is a signal that the shape you selected is part
  of a group.

Now you can change that one shape any way youd
like.
Selecting a shape within a group

Presenter Notes
This method offers a good way to quickly change a
shape. But if you need to do more extensive
changes to the one shape, the next slide
introduces an alternative.

47
Ungroup shapes

• Sometimes you need to ungroup a group of shapes.
  The process is simple

• Select the shape.
• On the Shape menu, point to Grouping, and then
  click Ungroup.

Ungrouping shapes

Presenter Notes
When might you need to ungroup a shape? When you
want to move the group but leave one building
behind after all. Or, as described earlier, if
you need to make extensive changes to one shape.



Tip You can also ungroup by pressing
CTRLSHIFTU. (Think U for Ungroup.)

48
Shapes that are grouped from the start

• You might have worked with grouped shapes without
  knowing it Many of the shapes in Visio are
  actually groups already.
• How did the shapes get grouped? Designers made
  each shape by hand, and then grouped the shapes
  to make them easier for you to work with.

Many Visio shapes, like this factory shape, are
grouped from the get-go.
49
Shapes that are grouped from the start

• This factory shape is a perfect example.

• This is what the factory shape looks like when
  you put it on the page.
• But if you ungroup it, youll find its actually
  a group of several component shapes.

Many Visio shapes, like this factory shape, are
grouped from the get-go.

Presenter Notes
Keep ungrouping in mind as you work in Visio. If
you want to change part of a shape, try
ungrouping itit may come apart in convenient
ways.

50
Suggestions for practice

• Examine the practice diagram.
• Select and group houses.
• Select and group cars.
• Change a single shape in a group.
• Ungroup shapes.
• Take a look at a shape that was grouped for you.

Online practice (requires Visio 2003)

Presenter Notes
Note to trainer With Visio 2003 installed on
your computer, you can click the link in the
slide to go to an online practice. In the
practice, you can work through each of these
tasks in Visio, with instructions to guide you.
Important If you dont have Visio 2003, you
wont be able to access the practice
instructions.

51
Test 3, question 1

• Which of the following is a reason why you would
  group shapes together? (Pick one answer.)

• To move or resize several shapes as one.
• To make particular changes to each shape on the
  page.
• To connect several shapes with arrows.
• To save shapes for later use.

52
Test 3, question 1 Answer

• To move or resize several shapes as one.

Grouping is useful when you need to modify
several shapes as one.
53
Test 3, question 2

• True or False Every shape in Visio is actually a
  group. (Pick one answer.)

• True.
• False.

54
Test 3, question 2 Answer

• False.

Although many shapes are complex and are actually
many shapes grouped together as one, this is not
always the case. Some shapes consist only of one
shape. One shape is not a group.
55
Test 3, question 3

• You might ungroup shapes when you needed to do
  which of the following? (Pick one answer.)

• Make a simple change to one shape within the
  group.
• Add text to the group.
• Connect the group of shapes with a line.
• Move one shape independently from the others in
  the group.

56
Test 3, question 3 Answer

• Move one shape independently from the others in
  the group.

You would also ungroup shapes if you need to make
extensive changes to one of the shapes.
57
Quick Reference Card

• For a summary of the tasks covered in this
  course, view the Quick Reference Card.

Presenter Notes


58
USING THIS TEMPLATE

• See the notes pane or view the full notes page
  (View menu) for detailed help on this template.

Presenter Notes
Using This Template

This Microsoft Office PowerPoint template has
training content about using Visio 2003 to
control the arrangement of shapes in a diagram.
It's geared for you to present to a group and
customize as necessary.

This template's content is adapted from the
Microsoft Office Online Training course called
Shapes II Expertly position, stack, and group
shapes.

Features of the template

Title slide On the very first slide, there is
placeholder text over which you should type the
name of your company. Or you can delete the text
box altogether if you don't want this text.

Animations Custom animation effects are applied
throughout. These effects play in previous
versions back to Microsoft PowerPoint 2000. They
include the entrance effects called Peek and
Stretch, and sometimes the Dissolve effect. To
alter animation effects, go to the Slide Show
menu, click Custom Animation, and work with the
options that appear.

If this presentation contains a Macromedia Flash
animation To play the Flash file, you must
register a Microsoft ActiveX control, called
Shockwave Flash Object, on your computer. To do
this, download the latest version of the
Macromedia Flash Player from the Macromedia Web
site.

Slide transitions The Wipe Down transition is
applied throughout the show. If you want a
different one, go to the Slide Show menu, click
Slide Transition, and work with the options that
appear.

Hyperlinks to online course The template
contains links to the online version of this
training course. The links take you to the
hands-on practice session for each lesson and to
the Quick Reference Card that is published for
this course. Please take note You must have
Visio 2003 installed to view the hands-on
practice sessions.

Headers and footers The template contains a
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or remove the footers in the Header and Footer
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