It involves a range of processes that bring together quite diverse mechanisms operating before, duri

1
It involves a range of processes that bring
together quite diverse mechanisms operating
before, during or after the counter with the
stress experience or adversity that is being
considered.
Resilience, Rutter, 1999

2

• Social competence
• Qualities such as responsiveness, especially
  the ability to elicit positive responses from
  others flexibility, including the ability to
  move between different cultures empathy
  communication skills and a sense of humor.
• Problem -solving skills
• The ability to plan to be resourceful in
  seeking help from others and to think
  critically, creatively, and reflectively.
• Critical consciousness
• A reflective awareness of the structures of
  oppression and creating strategies for overcoming
  them.

3

• Autonomy
• Having a sense of ones own identity and an
  ability to act independently and to exert some
  control over ones environment, including a sense
  of task mastery, internal locus of control, and
  self-efficacy.
• Sense of purpose
• Belief in a bright future, including goal
  direction, educational aspirations, achievement
  motivation, persistence, hopefulness,optimism,
  and spiritual connectedness

4
Coping

• It is cognitive and behavioural efforts to
  manage specific external and/or internal demands
  that are appraisal as taxing or exceeding the
  resources of the person.These efforts are
  constantly changing as a function of continuous
  appraisals and reappraisals of the
  person-environment relationships, which is also
  always changing.

5

• Primary appraisal
• The person asks What do I have to stake in this
  encounter?. The answer to the question
  contributes to the emotion quality and intensity.
• Secondary appraisal
• The concern of the person is what can I
  do?What are my opinion for coping? And how will
  the environment respond to my actions?. The
  answer influences the kinds of coping strategies
  that will be used to manage the demands of the
  encounter.

6
Common stressful experiences

• Separation from parents in childhood
• Displacement by siblings
• Childhood experiences of rejection
• Illness and injuries of childhood
• illness and death of parents
• Severe illnesses and injuries of the adult years
• The initial transition from home to school
• Puberty

7

• Later school transition
• Competitive graduate education
• Marriage
• Pregnancy
• Menopause
• Necessity for periodic moves to a new environment
• Retirement
• Rapid technological and social changes
• Wars and threats of wars
•