Exploration and Expansion

1
Exploration and Expansion
CHAPTER 16

• Section 1 The Scientific Revolution
• Section 2 The Foundations of European
  Exploration
• Section 3 Voyages of Portugal and Spain
• Section 4 The Spanish and Dutch Empires

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Objectives
Section 1
The Scientific Revolution

• Identify the factors that contributed to the
  Scientific Revolution.
• Explain how Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
  challenged traditional thought.
• Describe some of the important scientific
  discoveries of this period.

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From Magic to Science
Section 1
The Scientific Revolution

• Roger Bacon favored a system of scientific
  experimentation
• Renaissance encouraged curiosity, investigation,
  and discovery including ideas like the Scientific
  Method.
• Natural Philosophers used religious thinking and
  classical thought to explain nature.

4
The New Study of Nature
Section 1
The Scientific Revolution

• Scientists formed conclusions based on
  observation
• New tools and instruments to observe and measure

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Astronomy, Physics, and Anatomy
Section 1
The Scientific Revolution

• Copernicus heliocentric theory (sun centered)
• Kepler and Galileo proved Copernicus theory
  and invented telescope
• Newton laws of motion and gravitation which
  were at odds with the belief of some that God
  controlled nature.
• Vesalius and Harvey studied anatomy and
  circulation

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The Triumph of the New Science
Section 1
The Scientific Revolution

• Descartes I think, therefore I am.
  Assumptions had to be proven based on known
  facts.
• Francis Bacon- Develop through observation and
  logic.
• Other scientific discoveries calculus,
  microscope, chemistry

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Objectives
Section 2
The Foundations of European Exploration

• Identify technological advances that made
  European exploration possible.
• Describe the effect of the Commercial Revolution.
• Explain the role mercantilism played in the
  colonies.

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Improvements in Technology
Section 2
The Foundations of European Exploration

• Mapmaking
• Sea Routes to the East was the best way to
  improve trade.
• Navigation development of compass
• New ships traveled farther, faster, and under
  greater variety of weather conditions

9
Economic Changes
Section 2
The Foundations of European Exploration

• Commercial Revolution standardization of money
  encouraged international trade and banking
• Among the first places to produce coins with
  standard or fixed values were the Italian
  city-states.
• Joint-stock companies allowed people to become
  part owners.

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Mercantilism
Section 2
The Foundations of European Exploration

• Balance of trade to increase countrys wealth
  tariffs, subsidies
• For a favorable balance a country exported more
  goods than it took in.
• The role of colonies colonies were not allowed
  to manufacture or import goods.
• They did give people the opportunity to escape
  crowds, poverty and religious persecution.

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Social Change
Section 2
The Foundations of European Exploration

• Curiosity and spirit of discovery
• Hope of wealth or better way of life
• Escape religious persecution or spread religion

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Objectives
Section 3
Voyages of Portugal and Spain

• Describe what the early Portuguese explorers
  accomplished.
• Discuss how the voyages of Christopher Columbus
  influenced the world.
• Explain why the Atlantic slave trade prospered.

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Portugals First Explorers
Section 3
Voyages of Portugal and Spain

• Africa slave, gold, ivory trade
• Prince Henry The Navigator
• Dias- Founded a route to the Indian Ocean.
• Vasco da Gama overseas trade route to India and
  East Indies in 1498.

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Christopher Columbus
Section 3
Voyages of Portugal and Spain

• Landed at San Salvadore- Modern Day Bahamas
• Named his discoveries the West Indies

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The Impact of Columbus Voyages
Section 3
Voyages of Portugal and Spain

• Columbian Exchange American foods were
  introduced in Europe Spanish brought horses to
  the Americas smallpox and other diseases

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Dividing the New Lands
Section 3
Voyages of Portugal and Spain

• Treaty of Tordesillas Spain took most of
  Central and South America and Philippines
  Portugal claimed lands in Africa, Asia, and East
  Indies

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Vespucci, Balboa, and Magellan
Section 3
Voyages of Portugal and Spain

• Vespucci explored America. Disputed the claim
  that new lands to the west were not part of Asia.
• Balboa South Sea
• Magellan Found a route to the Pacific Ocean
  proved that the western lands were a New World,
  not a part of Asia

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Portuguese Expansion
Section 3
Voyages of Portugal and Spain

• Conquered lands in East Indies allowed
  Portuguese to control others access to Asian
  goods and markets

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The Slave Trade
Section 3
Voyages of Portugal and Spain

• Triangular trade merchants shipped goods to
  Africa, slaves were sent to the Americas,
  merchants sent products to Europe
• Middle Passage- Shipment of slaves across the
  Atlantic.
• African kingdoms and slavery not all African
  kingdoms participated in slave trade, some native
  populations in Africa were depleted

20
The Portuguese Empire Weakens
Section 3
Voyages of Portugal and Spain

• Lacked wealth and population needed to sustain
  expansion and colonization

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Objectives
Section 4
The Spanish and Dutch Empires

• Describe how Spain extended its power abroad and
  at home.
• Explain why the Dutch were successful in the
  1600s.
• Analyze why the Spanish Empire declined.

22
Spains Colonial Empire
Section 4
The Spanish and Dutch Empires

• Conquests Cortés conquered Tenochtitlán and
  built Mexico City in its place
• Colonial government and society horses, guns,
  disease weakened native Aztec populations Spain
  grew wealthy
• Ponce De Leon in Florida.

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Spains Colonial Rivals
Section 4
The Spanish and Dutch Empires

• French, Dutch, and English wanted a share of
  Spains wealth and lands
• Spain invaded Mexico under the leadership of
  Hernan Cortes.
• Spain used Horses very effectively in its
  invasion of Mexico.
• Spain continued to drive into South America under
  Francisco Pizarro.
• Spain was mainly interested and benefited from
  silver mines.

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Charles V
Section 4
The Spanish and Dutch Empires

• Holy Roman Emperor had conflicting demands
  between being king of Spain, supporting German
  aims, and defending Christian Europe
• Divided lands among members of his family

25
Philip II
Section 4
The Spanish and Dutch Empires

• Was given land to control by the Holy Roman
  Emperor Charles V.
• King of Spain controlled every facet of
  government, directed Spanish Inquisition
• Treated the Dutch harshly because many were
  Calvinists.

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The Rise of the Dutch
Section 4
The Spanish and Dutch Empires

• The Netherlands break from Spain practiced
  guerrilla warfare northern provinces declared
  independence from Spain
• Dutch society seafaring people, religious
  tolerance, lively cultural center
• The Dutch colonial empire trade was controlled
  by Dutch East India Company did not force their
  own culture or religious beliefs on other
  societies

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The Spanish Empire Declines
Section 4
The Spanish and Dutch Empires

• Growing population
• Increased costs and shortage of food, clothing,
  and housing
• Expulsion of Jews and Moriscos many skilled
  bankers, business people, commercial leaders and
  artisans
• Flow of money out of Spain
• Spanish Empire did not decline over a religious
  divide.