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Chapter 1: Development of OffRoad Vehicles

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1920 First tractor tested in Nebraska (John Deere Waterloo Boy) ... 1927 Mechanical rockshaft lift for mounted equipment introduced (John Deere Model GP) ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Chapter 1: Development of OffRoad Vehicles


1
Chapter 1 Development of Off-Road Vehicles
  • BAE 517 - Lecture 1

2
Tractor
  • Words origin came from England. Was used as a
    synonym for traction engine.
  • The word tractor appears in an 1890 patent for
    track-laying, steamtraction engine.
  • Poor traction plaqued early steamtraction engine
    designers. Solution bigger wheels (36 ton
    traction engine with 5 m wide by 3 m dia. rear
    wheels).
  • Other solutions included the development of
    track-type tractors in the early 1900s.

3
Gasoline Engine
  • Need for reducing the number of workers required
    to operate steamtraction engines.
  • First comparisons of steam and gas engines
    occurred at the Winnipeg Tractor Trials
    (1908-1912).
  • First U.S. demonstration was held in Omaha,
    Nebraska in 1911 as an exhibition, not
    competition.
  • Nebraska passes tractor test law in 1919.

4
Nebraska Tractor Test Law
  • All tractor makes and models sold in Nebraska
    must be tested, with published results.
  • Manufacturers required to provide a reasonable
    supply of repair parts.
  • Tractor tests attained worldwide recognition
  • Tractor tests provided standards for performance.

5
History of Vehicle Development
  • 1858 - Fawkes steam plowing engine.
  • 1873 Parvins steamer first track laying device
    in U.S.
  • 1876 Otto received patents for IC engine.
  • 1889 One company builds tractor with IC engine.
  • 1908 Winnipeg Tractor Trials
  • 1911 First tractor demonstration in Omaha, NE.

6
History of Vehicle Development Cont.
  • 1917 First cast iron used in tractor chassis
    (Fordson).
  • 1917 First oil cooled clutch faces (Fordson).
  • 1919 Nebraska Tractor Test Law passed.
  • 1919 First PTO introduced (International 8-16).

7
History of Vehicle Development Cont.
  • 1920 First tractor tested in Nebraska (John
    Deere Waterloo Boy).
  • 1924 First successful row-crop tractor marketed
    (McCormick-Deering Farmall Regular).
  • 1927 Mechanical rockshaft lift for mounted
    equipment introduced (John Deere Model GP).
  • 1931 Caterpillar introduces diesel engine (84
    Hp).

8
History of Vehicle Development Cont.
  • 1932 Firestone Rubber introduces first rubber
    tires (Allis-Chalmers Model U).
  • 1936 Hydraulic rockshaft replaces mechanical
    rockshaft (John Deere Model A).
  • High compression engine introduced by Oliver,
    used fuel with octane rating of 70, improved fuel
    economy and more power (Oliver HC 70).

9
History of Vehicle Development Cont.
  • 1938 Machinery companies hire styling
    consultants (IH hire Raymond Lowery and Deere
    hires Henry Dreyfuss Associates).
  • 1938 Weight transfer hitch introduced by Ford,
    hydraulics lifted hitch to improve traction (Ford
    9N).
  • 1941 LPG tractor engines introduced by
    Minneapolis Moline.
  • 1940-1949
  • Remote hydraulic cylinders were adopted to and
    standardized by SAE and ASAE.
  • Live power take-off introduced.

10
History of Vehicle Development Cont.
  • 1950-1959
  • Power of tractors increases rapidly.
  • Percentage of diesel tractors increases.
  • Large 4WD tractors developed for the wheatlands.
  • LPG tractors decline.
  • Refinements include power steering, automatic
    transmissions, and more forward gear ratios.

11
History of Vehicle Development Cont.
  • 1960-1969
  • Power of tractors continues to increase.
  • Most large tractors are diesel.
  • More emphasis on operator comfort and safety.
  • Full power-shift transmission become available.
  • Ergonomic seats with suspensions are widely
    adopted.
  • Radial-ply tires are introduced.

12
History of Vehicle Development Cont.
  • 1970-1979
  • Turbochargers and intercoolers added to diesel
    tractors.
  • ROPS available, and beginning in 1976 were
    required for all new tractors sold for use by
    employees.
  • Cabs common on large tractors.
  • Sound pressure level measurements added to
    Nebraska Tractor Tests (1970).
  • Last gasoline engines tractors tested at Nebraska
    (1978).
  • Percentage of tractors over 75 kW in North
    America continues to increase.

13
History of Vehicle Development Cont.
  • 1980-2000
  • Tractors equipped with electronic controls and
    sensing.
  • Nebraska conforms to OECD internationally
    accepted codes.
  • First Nebraska 3-point hitch lift test conducted
    (1984).
  • Introduction of rubber-belted agricultural
    vehicles.
  • Tractor power appears to reach upper limit of 300
    kW.
  • Number of utility (landscape and garden tractors)
    expands rapidly.

14
Types of Off-Road Vehicles
  • Crawler
  • Standard Row-Crop
  • High-Clearance
  • Utility
  • Orchard
  • Lawn and Garden
  • Multipurpose
  • Power Tiller
  • Tree Skidder
  • Skid-Steer Loader
  • Two Wheel Drive (2WD)
  • Front Wheel Assist (FWA)
  • Four Wheel Drive (4WD)

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24
Global Variations in Tractors
  • Rice tires are used in Japan.
  • Power/weight ratios are greater for tractors in
    Japan.
  • Radial-ply tires are common in Europe.
  • Tractors outside of North America have up to four
    PTO speeds.
  • Crawler tractors are more popular in Europe and
    UK.
  • Power tillers are common in Asia.

25
Implement Applications
  • Attachments/implements are coupled to tractors
    using the following methods
  • Towed (single hitch point)
  • Mounted/Integral (three point hitch)
  • Semi-Mounted/Semi-Integral (two point hitch)
  • Frame Mounted

26
Energy Conversion Devices
  • Human/Animal Energy
  • Piston Engines
  • Compression Ignition (Diesel) Engines
  • Spark Ignition (Gasoline) Engines
  • Gas Turbines
  • Wankel Rotary Engines
  • Free-Piston Engines
  • Sterling Engines
  • Steam Piston Engine
  • Steam Turbine Engine
  • Thermoelectricity
  • Fuel Cell
  • Solar Cell
  • Electric Motor and Generator
  • Storage Battery
  • Magnetohydrodynamic Device

27
Carnot Efficiency
where e Carnot Efficiency Th High
Temperature Tl Low Temperature
28
Future Engine Designs
  • Piston CI engine is well established and not
    likely to be replaced soon.
  • Ceramics will likely be incorporated into designs
    of the future for increased operating temperature
    and reduced wear.
  • Look for electric drives for cooling (air and
    water movement) and lubrication.

29
Trends in Tractor Design
  • Total weight reduction of tractor and implements.
  • Front and rear mounted implements.
  • Lighter, high power tractors will transfer power
    through PTO.
  • Power transfer will be controlled automatically.
  • Driver comfort and safety will be improved.
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