ENGLAND

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ENGLAND

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Information
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Information

• England is the largest and most populous home
  nation of the United Kingdom. It accounts for
  more than 83 of the total UK population,
  occupies most of the southern two-thirds of the
  island of Great Britain and shares land borders
  with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west.

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History

• The earliest record of human activity in England
  dates back to over 500,000 years ago , although
  the repeated ice ages made much of Britain
  uninhabitable for extended periods until as
  recently as 20,000 years ago

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History

• In 1066, William the Conqueror and the Normans
  defeated the Anglo-Saxons at the Battle of
  Hastings and conquered the existing Kingdom of
  England. They instituted an Anglo-Norman
  administration and nobility who, retaining
  proto-French as their language for the next three
  hundred years, ruled as custodians over English
  commoners.

• Although the language and racial distinctions
  faded rapidly during the Middle Ages, the class
  system born in the Norman/Saxon divide persisted
  longer arguably with traces lasting to the
  modern day

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History

• Act of Union 1707, which formally unified
  England, Scotland, and Wales into the Kingdom of
  Great Britain. This later became the United
  Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801 to
  1927) and then the modern state of the United
  Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
  (1927 to present )

• The turmoil of the Reformation embroiled England
  in religious wars with Europe's Catholic powers,
  notably Spain, but the kingdom preserved its
  independence as much through luck as through the
  skill of charismatic rulers such as Elizabeth I.
  Elizabeth's successor, James I was already king
  of Scotland (as James VI) and this personal
  union of the two crowns was followed a century
  later by the

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Capitals

• Conventionally the national capital of England is
  London, although technically it would be more
  exact to call London the capital of "England and
  Wales" .Winchester served as the country's first
  national capital until some time in the late 11th
  century after the Norman Conquest. The City of
  London became England's commercial capital, while
  the City of Westminster (where the Royal court
  was located) became the political capital.

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Geography

• England comprises the central and southern
  two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, plus
  offshore islands of which the largest is the Isle
  of Wight. It is bordered to the north by Scotland
  and to the west by Wales.

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Major rivers

• Severn (Longest river in Great Britain)
• Thames
• Trent
• Humber
• Yorkshire Ouse
• Tyne
• Mersey
• Dee
• Avon

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Major conurbationsThe largest cities in England
are much debated but according to the urban area
populations (continuous built up areas) these
would be the 15 largest conurbations. (Population
figures taken from 2001 census)

• Greater London (8,278,251)
• West Midlands (2,284,093)
• Greater Manchester (2,244,931)
• Leeds/Bradford (1,499,465)
• Tyne and Wear (Newcastle/Sunderland) (1,085,700
  (2004 estimate)
• Liverpool (816,216)
• Nottingham (666,358)

• Sheffield (640,720)
• Bristol (551,066)
• Brighton (461,181)
• Leicester (441,213)
• Portsmouth (422,252)
• Bournemouth/Poole (383,713)
• Reading (369,804)
• Teesside (365,323 )

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Culture

• England has produced many famous authors
  including William Shakespeare, arguably the most
  famous in the history of the English language.
  This tradition has continued with the likes of
  Jane Austen, Charles Dickens and J.R.R. Tolkien,
  who are all often considered the greatest writers
  of their time

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Culture

• Composers from England did not achieve the same
  recognition in comparison to their literary
  counterparts. Often overshadowed by European
  composers. However, in popular music English
  bands such as The Beatles and The Rolling Stones
  have achieved success only rivaled by U.S. music.

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Symbols

• The two traditional symbols of England are the
  St. George's cross (the English flag) and the
  Three Lions coat of arms , both derived from the
  great Norman powers that formed the monarchy
  the Cross of Aquitaine and the Lions of Anjou.

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The English people

• The English are a northern European ethnic group
  generally associated with England and the English
  language. The majority of the ethnic English
  currently live in England, the largest division
  of the United Kingdom.

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List of non-English names for England.

• "England" is sometimes mistakenly used to refer
  to the entire United Kingdom, the island of Great
  Britain, or the British Isles. This will offend
  people from other parts of the UK. Frequently the
  English use the less-specific "Britain" or "the
  UK", even when "England" is technically correct
  and commonly also use "England" when "Britain"
  would be correct

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