Title: 70291: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network, Enhanced Chapter 2: Configuri
170-291 MCSE Guide to Managing a
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Network, Enhanced
Chapter 2 Configuring Network Protocols
2Objectives
- Understand TCP/IP addressing
- Define TCP/IP parameters
- Configure TCP/IP parameters
- Work with TCP/IP networks
- Understand the process of subnetting a TCP/IP
network - Supernet several smaller networks
- Configure other network protocols
- Use bindings to optimize network connectivity
3Overview of TCP/IP
- Most commonly used network protocol today
- Has wide vendor support
- Open protocol
- Provides access to the Internet
- Windows has been designed so that many of its
features require TCP/IP
4Activity 2-1 Repairing a Network Connection
- Objective Repair a connection that has a corrupt
TCP/IP configuration - Right click on your Local Area Connection
- Choose the repair option
5Defining TCP/IP Parameters
- To participate on a TCP/IP network, your computer
must have a valid Internet Protocol (IP) address
and subnet mask - Optionally, you may configure gateway, DNS, or
WINS information
6IP Addresses
- An IP address
- Unique number assigned to the computer that
identifies itself on the network - Unicast involves directed communication between
two single computers using TCP/IP - Consists of four octets
- Composed of network and host IDs
- Only computers with the same network ID can
communicate without the assistance of a router
7IP Addresses (continued)
- ICANN has the overall authority over IP address
assignments - If the network is not connected to the Internet,
the choice of IP address is entirely up to the
network administrator
8Subnet Masks
- Subnet masks are used to define which part of an
IP address is the host ID and which part is the
network ID - Like an IP address, it is composed of four octets
- The simplest subnet masks use only the values 0
and 255
9Subnet Masks (continued)
- A computer uses the subnet mask and IP address to
determine its network ID - In order to communicate, two machines must be on
the same network - Before sending a packet over the network, the
computer will check to see if the destination
address is on the same network
10Default Gateway
- Another term for a router
- If a computer does not know how to deliver a
packet, it sends the packet to the default
gateway - A router may be a dedicated hardware device or a
computer with multiple network cards - The router must be on the same network as the
computer sending the packet
11DNS
- Essential to a Windows Server 2003 network
- Resolves host names to IP addresses
- Used to find domain controllers
- Used to find Internet resources such as Web
servers or e-mail servers - Domain names must conform to a hierarchical
naming scheme called DNS namespace of BIND
12DNS (continued)
13WINS
- NetBIOS name resolution is best achieved through
the use of a WINS server - NetBIOS names that are resolved successfully on a
WINS server are stored in a NetBIOS name cache on
the local computer to speed up future resolution
14Configuring TCP/IP Parameters
- A static IP configuration is one in which the IP
address of the machine is specified manually by
the administrator - DHCP performs the task of assigning IP addresses
to machines automatically - The network 169.254.0.0 is reserved for Automatic
Private Addressing - An address in the above range is generated if a
DHCP server cannot be reached - An address in the above range is not routable
15Activity 2-2 Configure TCP/IP Parameters
- Objective View current IP address settings on a
computer - In the network connections area under the control
panel, right-click on Local Area Connection and
select properties - Select the properties of the TCP/IP option
- Enter appropriate information as dictated by the
text
16Activity 2-3 Using IPCONFIG to View IP
Configuration
- Objective View current IP settings using the
IPCONFIG utility - Open a command prompt and execute the command
ipconfig /all
17Activity 2-4 Test APIPA
- Objective Test the APIPA functionality in
Windows Server 2003 - Set the machine to determine an IP address
automatically - Ensure that the machine will be incapable of
finding a DHCP server - Check the IP address of the machine using the
IPCONFIG utility
18Activity 2-5 Alternative IP Configuration
- Objective Configure alternative IP address
information to be used when a DHCP is unavailable - Make sure the computer will be unable to contact
a DHCP server - Use the alternative configuration capability of
Windows to specify the settings outlined in the
text
19Working with TCP/IP Networks
- Before working with TCP/IP networks, one must
have a basic knowledge of - IP address classes
- Classless inter-domain routing
- Reserved addresses
20IP Address Classes
- IP addresses are divided into classes
- This class defines the default subnet mask of the
device using the address - All classes can be identified using the first
octet of the IP address - The classes are denoted A through E
21IP Address Classes (continued)
22IP Address Classes (continued)
- Class A has only 127 potential networks but
16,777,214 potential hosts - Class B provides for 16,384 networks and 65,534
hosts - Class C provides for 2,097,152 networks and 254
hosts - Class D IP addresses cannot be assigned to
computers and are used for multicasting - Class E IP addresses are not used and considered
experimental
23Classless Inter-domain Routing
- At one time, IP address classes were used by
routers on the Internet to move packets - To improve efficiency, classless inter-domain
routing was adopted - Does not use the default subnet masks for routing
- Subnet masks must be defined for each network
24Reserved Addresses
- A number of IP addresses and networks are
reserved for special purposes - A local broadcast uses the IP address
255.255.255.255 - A directed broadcast uses the IP address obtained
through the destination network ID and all host
ID bits set to 1 - Any IP address with the first octet set to 127
cannot be assigned to a host - These addresses are called loopback addresses
25Subnetting TCP/IP Networks
- Subnetting involves separating a larger network
into smaller networks to increase efficiency - Reduces collisions
- Limits broadcasts
- Controls traffic
- A router is required to move packets between
subnets
26Reducing Collisions
- A collision occurs when two computers attempt to
transmit data at the same time - Subnetting reduces the number of hosts on a
network - Therefore reduces the amount of traffic on that
network
27Limiting Broadcasts
- Broadcast messages are generated by such services
as NetBIOS name resolution, router communication,
and service advertisements - A packet that is broadcasted is read and
processed by every computer on the network - Subnetting reduces the number of hosts on each
network - Results in fewer broadcasts for each network
28Controlling Traffic
- Introducing routers over a network gives you more
control over network traffic - Most routers have the ability to control which
packets are forwarded - IP addresses are represented in dotted decimal
format but are handled by computers in binary
format - Subnetting is based on binary numbers
29Conversion between Binary and Decimal
- Binary digits are always one or zero
- Each octet in an IP address is converted to
binary by the machine - Windows calculator will perform the conversion
between binary and decimal for you - The conversion process simply involves changing
the number system between base 10 and base 2
30Activity 2-6 Converting Binary Numbers to
Decimal Using Windows Calculator
- Objective Use Windows calculator to convert
between decimal and binary - Complete the tables
31Working with Binary IP Addresses and Subnet Masks
- Subnet masks are represented in the dotted
decimal format but handled in binary by computers - 1 in the subnet mask indicates that the
corresponding bit in the IP address is part of
the network ID - 0 in the subnet mask indicates that the
corresponding bit in the IP address is part of
the host ID - ANDing
- Process used to separate network and host IDs
from an IP address
32Activity 2-7 ANDing
- Objective Find the network ID given a subnet
mask and IP address - Use ANDing to determine the network ID and
complete the table provided in the text
33Creating Subnets
- To subnet a network, take some bits from the host
ID and give them to the network ID - For simplicity, bits are taken from host ID in
groups of eight - A class B address is very large and typically
needs to be subnetted - Complex subnetting involves taking less than a
full octet from the host ID - The number of subnets can be calculated with the
formula 2n-2 where n is the number of bits to
remove from the host ID
34Activity 2-8 Complex Subnetting
- Objective Subnet a large network into ten
smaller networks - Divide the network 172.20.0.0 into ten smaller
networks using the least amount of bits necessary - Complete the table provided
35Activity 2-9 Finding Valid Hosts
- Objective Calculate the number of valid hosts on
a subnet - Using three subnets from Activity 2-8, find the
first host, last host, and broadcast address for
each subnet - Complete the table provided
36Supernetting TCP/IP Networks
- Supernetting is the opposite of subnetting
- Used to create a larger network from multiple
smaller ones - Takes bits from the network ID and gives them to
the host ID - All networks being combined must be contiguous
37Reasons for Supernetting
- Supernetting is used when a range of IP addresses
larger than a class C network is required but a
full class B network is not required - May also be done to decrease routing complexity
by replacing multiple networks with routers into
a supernetted network with switches
38Configuring Other Protocols
- IPX/SPX
- NWLink
- Appletalk
- Data Link Control
- NetBEUI
39IPX/SPX
- The most common protocol in use for LANs in the
late 1980s and early 1990s - Less common now that TCP/IP was introduced
- Movement away from IPX/SPX was due to the gaining
popularity of the Internet - NetWare, a popular network operating system at
the time, required this protocol
40IPX/SPX (continued)
- IPX/SPX uses Service Advertising Protocol to
locate services - Packets consist of a network and computer ID
- Network ID is an 8-character hex number and the
computer ID is a 12-character hex number - No subnet masks are necessary (fixed lengths)
- Configure Server 2003 with an internal network
address other than basic file and print services
41IPX/SPX (continued)
- Has multiple frame types
- A frame is a fully assembled packet just before
being placed on a network - Computers configured with different frame types
cannot communicate - The ipxroute config command will tell you the
current IPX configuration
42Activity 2-10 Installing NWLink
- Objective Install the NWLink protocol
- Go to the local area connection properties and
install the protocol
43Activity 2-11 Configuring NWLink
- Objective Configure NWLink to use a specific
frame type, IPX network address, and internal
network number - After completing the configuration, use ipxroute
config to ensure that your configuration settings
are configured according to the instructions
provided in the text
44AppleTalk
- This protocol is used to provide connectivity for
Macintosh computers - Windows Server 2003 can emulate a Macintosh file
or print server - There is no need to install the protocol if
Macintosh computers are not connected on the
network - AppleTalk is routable and can be used on larger
networks
45Activity 2-12 Installing AppleTalk
- Objective Install the AppleTalk protocol
- Install the protocol as you would any other
protocol
46Obsolete Protocols
- Several protocols were available in older
versions of Windows and are not available in
Windows Server 2003 - Data Link Control is a nonroutable protocol that
was used to connect mainframe computers - NetBEUI was one of the most popular protocols for
early Windows networks - Fast
- Nonroutable
- Can be autoconfigured
47Configuring Protocol Bindings
- Binding is a process where a network protocol is
configured to use a network adapter - Windows Server 2003 allows specifying the
ordering in which protocols are used - For each adapter, you can specify which clients
and services are bound - You can also specify which network protocols are
bound to each client or service
48Activity 2-13 Optimizing Binding Order
- Objective Modify the binding order of protocols
to optimize network communication - Use the advanced settings option in the network
connections window
49Activity 2-14 Removing Unnecessary Protocols
- Objective Remove protocols that are no longer
required - Use the Local Area Connection Settings Properties
window to remove the protocols
50Summary
- Windows Server 2003 uses TCP/IP as its primary
networking protocol - There are several ranges of IP addresses reserved
for internal use and are not routable on the
Internet - DHCP is used to automatically allocate IP
addresses and other IP configuration information
to clients - If a DHCP server cannot be contacted, then
clients use APIPA - Subnetting divides a single large network into
multiple smaller networks
51Summary (continued)
- Computers work with IP addresses as 32-bit
numbers - A 1 is a bit that is part of the network ID. A 0
is to a bit that is part of the host ID - Subnetting takes bits from the host ID and uses
them as part of the network ID - The formula 2n 2, where n is the number of host
bits, calculates the number of useable hosts - Supernetting combines multiple smaller networks
into a single larger network
52Summary (continued)
- The IPX/SPX protocol can be used with the 32-bit
version of Windows Server 2003 primarily used in
networks where Novell NetWare is present - The AppleTalk protocol is available for Windows
Server 2003 used for connectivity with Apple
Macintosh computers - Bindings can be adjusted to optimize performance
- Most-used protocols should be listed first