Title: u t o p i a 1 : from the middle ages to the age of reason www.utopia.nypl.orghomepage_noqt.shtml
1u t o p i a 1 from the middle ages to the age
of reasonwww.utopia.nypl.org/homepage_noqt.shtml
redirect
2utopia in the ancient world and medieval
- medieval describes the period between the fall
of the roman empire in 410 AD and the beginning
of the renaissance in the 15th century. the
medieval period ended with the protestant
reformation led by martin luther (14831546).
major styles of this period include romanesque
and gothic, mostly centered on the design of
churches. - after the collapse of the roman empire, its
territories were besieged by immigrants from
central asia. these barbarians, as the native
romans called them, included the franks,
lombards, goths, visigoths, and the vandals.
these people converted to christianity and
instituted the feudal rule of government. thus
began the rule of the byzantine empire. - under the feudal system, small agricultural units
were organized by lords who controlled the lands
around their fortified dwellings by force.
peasants worked the land in exchange for the
lords protection.
3utopia in the ancient world and medieval
- utopia as an imaginary ideal society and
consequently, the city, free of poverty and
suffering - i.e. the garden of eden or paradise located
atlantis-like anywhere from the tigris and - euphretes river to ancient ethopia and
eventually, predating the genesis report by
millennia - the biblical tower of babylon jerusalem as the
medieval perception of the holy city, etc.. - see www. idolphin.org/eden
4utopia in the ancient world and medieval
timeline of the medieval period 330
constantine gains power of roman empire 962
holy roman empire forms 840 charlemagne
dies 1000 leif, son of eric the red sails to
america 1025 byzantine empire comes to power 1050
beginning of the high middle ages 1050 farm plow,
crop rotation first used 1066 william the
conqueror invades england 1095 first crusade 1147
second crusade 1187 third crusade 1215 magna
carta is created 1300 beginning of the high
middle ages
illustration of dantes divine comedy by gustave
dore
1306 dante writes his divine comedy 1337 start of
the hundred years war 1348 black plague reaches
england 1387 geoffrey chaucer writes the
canterbury tales 1429 joan of arc liberates
central france 1453 turks conquer constantipole
ending byzantine empire 1477 first book printed
in england 1492 columbus discovers america 1517
beginning of the protestant reformation
5utopia in the ancient world and medieval
p o e t s / t h e o r i s t s
- aurelius augustinus, 354430, tagaste, a roman
city in north africa, theologian -
- aurelius, also called augustine of hippo, is a
saint in the roman catholic faith. he was an
influential leader of the protestant reformation,
teaching salvation and grace. he is still
important in the christian faith today. his
writings include the city of god, early 5th
century. - dante alighieri, 1265-1321, florence, italy, poet
-
-
- dante is most known for his divine comedy
written from 1308 until his death. this story
describes dantes conception of hell and it was
the basis for the modern italian language. dante
was later exiled from florence for life due to
political reasons.
6utopia in the ancient world and medieval
takht-I suleiman (parthian sanctuary of 1st
century AD), azerbaijan focal point is the
sacred fire adhur gushnasp or royal
fire kostof, spiro. the city shaped urban
patterns and meanings through history. p 164.
london thames hudson, 1991
7utopia in the ancient world and medieval
the city as diagram gur firuzabad, iran,
sassanian capital in the 3rd century AD kostof,
spiro. the city shaped urban patterns and
meanings through history. p 184. london thames
hudson, 1991
8utopia in the ancient world and medieval
st. gallener klosterplan plan of the st. gall
monastery, ca 820 moffet, marian, michael
fazio, and lawrence wodehouse. buildings across
time an introduction to world architecture.
new york mcgraw hill, 2004.
9utopia in the ancient world and medieval
Cluny III Monastery 11th century AD Moffet,
Marian, Michael Fazio, and Lawrence Wodehouse.
Buildings Across Time An Introduction to World
Architecture. New York McGraw Hill, 2004.
10utopia in the ancient world and medieval
st. michealis church in hildesheim, germany,
1010-1033
11utopia in the ancient world and medieval
hezelo-radleuchter im dom zu hildesheim/hezelo
wheel chandelier, hildesheim cathedral
hildesheim, germany, ca 1054-1079 neuer
berliner kunstverein und autoren eds. stadt und
utopie. modelle idealer gemeinschaften (city and
utopia. models for ideal communities). berlin
froelich kaufmann, 1982
12utopia in the ancient world and medieval
chartres cathedral chartres, france, 1194-1230
moffet, marian, michael fazio, and lawrence
wodehouse. buildings across time an
introduction to world architecture. new york
mcgraw hill, 2004.
13utopia in the ancient world and medieval
- apocalypsis apocalypse
- germany, early 15th century
- nypl, manuscripts and archives division
- depiction of new jerusalem
- within the book of revelation in a bible.
- and in the spirit he carried me away to a great,
high - mountain, and showed me the holy city jerusalem
coming - down out of heaven from God, having the glory of
God, its - radiance like a most rare jewel, like a jasper,
clear as - crystal. it had a great, high wall, with twelve
gates, and at - the gates twelve angels, and on the gates the
names of the - twelve tribes of the sons of israel were
inscribed... -
- revelation 21 1012
14utopia in the renaissance
villa rotunda, vicenza, italy andrea palladio,
1550
- during the renaissance, the idea of utopia
changed to appeal to the ideals of the time. - no longer were utopian cities reserved for the
sinless they became an earthly idea. - renaissance architects adopted the idea of utopia
in pursuit of the ideal living space. - many of the utopian ideals centered on the newly
discovered american continents.
15utopia in the renaissance
- the italian renaissance began after the fall of
constantinople in 1453 and was concentrated in
the city of florence, italy. the protestant
reformation had ended the middle ages and the
stability of the church. the belief in humanism,
that one controls ones own destiny, became the
central ideal of the renaissance. - many renaissance architects were inspired by
roman ruins because they believed the roman
empire represented the ideal of humanism.
concentration on the importance of the individual
rather than the church led to the use of
human-based proportional systems in renaissance
architecture. - the clash between catholic and protestant
churches led to the thirty years war. political
unrest and finally the collapse of the german
empire propelled europe into war. the collapse
of the german empire allowed other countries to
invade and claim german lands.
16utopia in the renaissance
leonardo di vincis the last supper
timeline of the renaissance 1341 renaissance
begins 1413 brunelleschi develops perspective
drawing 1418 medicis rebuild church of san
lorenzo 1429 joan of arc liberates central
france 1450 alberti writes his treaties on
architecture 1452 leonardo di vinci is born 1453
constantinople falls, end of byzantine
empire 1454 johann gutenberg prints the gutenberg
bible 1503 leonardo di vinci paints the mona
lisa 1508 michelangelo paints ceiling of sistine
chapel 1513 niccolo machiavelli publishes the
prince 1517 beginning of the protestant
reformation 1519 leonardo da vinci dies
1527 rome is sacked ending the italian
renaissance 1591 galileo galilei demonstrates
gravity 1618 kepler reveals third law of
planetary motion 1618 start of the 30 years war
1637 descartes publishes discourse on method
1643 evangelista torricelli invents the
barometer 1656 otto von guericke invents the air
pump 1687 newton writes philosophia naturalis
principia mathematica
17utopia in the renaissance
a r c h i t e c t s
- giotto di bondone, 1267-1337, florence, italy,
architect, painter - he was the first artist to contribute to the
italian renaissance. his art was the key link
between the works of the middle ages and that of
the renaissance. bondones works were the first
to realistically portray the human body by using
three dimensional space. his master work is the
fresco cappella degli scrovegni in the arena
chapel in padua, italy, 1305. - filippo brunelleschi, 13771446, florence, italy,
architect -
- brunelleschi was the first great architect of
the italian renaissance. he built the dome for
the florence cathedral (1420) as well as pazzi
chapel, florence (14301433). - leon battista alberti, 14041472, genoa, italy,
architect - alberti was the first theorist of humanist art.
His two main writings include de pictura (1435)
and de re aedificatoria (1450). albertis
writings told architects how buildings should be
built rather than how they were built. his main
works include s. andrea, mantua, italy,
14701476 s. maria novella, florence, italy,
1456 1470 and san sebastiano, mantua, italy,
1459. -
18utopia in the renaissance
a r c h i t e c t s
- michelangelo buonarroti, 14751564, caprese,
tuscany, architect, sculpter -
- michelangelo was a sculptor, painter, and
architect once employed by the medicis. though
self taught, michelangelo was inspired by artists
leonardo, giotto, and poliziano. his most famous
works include his sculpture david, his painting
of the ceiling of the sistine chapel, and his
redesign of st. peters church in rome. - andrea palladio, 15081580, padua, italy,
architect -
- his most famous writing was the four books of
architecture (1716) containing measured drawings
of the roman ruins as well as compositions of his
own. palladio chiefly designed country villas
using his palladian motif of arches supported
by columns. his most famous villa is the villa
rotunda, vicenza, italy, 15501560. - vincenzo scamozzi, 15521616, vicenza, italy,
architect - scamozzi was mentored by andrea palladio. his
most famous writing was l'Idea della architettura
universale, 1615. his most famous work was his
remodeled teatro olimpico, vicenza 1584-1585. -
19utopia in the renaissance
a r t i s t s / b a n k e r s
- sandro botticelli, 1445-1510, florence, italy,
painter - botticelli was also known as alessandro di
mariano filipepi, and apprenticed under fra
filippo lippi and andrea del verrocchio. he
worked with leonardo da vinci and was employed by
the medicis. his famous work is the birth of
venus, 1483. he also illustrated several scenes
for dantes inferno, 1308. - hieronymus bosch, 1450-1516, 's-hertogenbosch,
netherlands, painter - boschs paintings made extensive use of
iconography to depict hell, sin, and immorality.
the surreal movement of the 20th century was
greatly influenced by his fear-evoking works.
his most famous work is the garden of earthly
delights, 1504 which portrayed both paradise and
hell. - jacob fugger II, 14591525, augsburg, germany,
banker - fugger, also called jacob the rich, came from a
powerful family of merchant princes. jacobs
fortune had its source in his monopoly of the
mining and trading of silver, copper, and
mercury. jacob lent impressive sums to the holy
roman empires maximilion I. the fuggers, the
richest family in europe, became great patrons of
the arts.
20utopia in the renaissance
a r t i s t s
- matthias grünewald, 1470-1528, würzburg, germany,
painter - he was also known as mathis gothart niethart.
he was a visionary painter during the german
renaissance. his paintings use bold color and
starkly contrast that of dürers. his most
famous work is isenheim altarpiece, 1515 which
includes the famous images the crucifixion, the
temptation of st anthony, and the resurrection. - albrecht dürer, 1471-1528, nuremburg, painter,
mathematician - dürer is most famous for a series of woodcuts
that include a depiction of the apocolypse (1498)
and the great passion (1498-1510) depicting the
crucifixion of Christ. he developed a rational
system of perspective and human proportions that
greatly influenced other renaissance works. - raphael, 1483-1520, urbino, italy, painter,
architect - raphael, also known as raffaello, was a painter
during the high renaissance. he studied under
pietro perugino but adopted the style of leonardo
and michelangelo. he is famous for his frescoes
in the vatican palace including the painting the
school of athens, 1508. he was also head
architect of saint peter's basilica in rome,
1514.
21utopia in the renaissance
a r t i s t s / t h e o r i s t s
- tiziano vecelli, 1488-1576, pieve di cadore,
italy, painter - tiziano worked mostly with partner giorgione
doing frescoes but his fame grew after his
partners death in 1510. he completed the venus
of urbino, 1538 and emperor charles V at
mühlberg, 1548 during these later years. - philipp melanchthon, 1497-1560, bretten, germany,
theologian - he was a writer for the protestant reformation
and worked closely with martin luther. he worked
to publicize and defend luthers ideas.
melanchthon wrote commentary on the colossians in
1529. - tintoretto, 1518-1594, venice, italy, painter
- tintoretto was also known as jacopo robusti. he
has been called the last great painter of the
italian renaissance. his passionate paintings
included special lighting effects, making his
work and inspiration for baroque art. his
paintings include the last supper, 1594, finding
of the body of st mark, 1548, and st mark's body
brought to venice, 1548.
22utopia in the renaissance
a r t i s t s
- pieter brueghel the elder, 1525-1569, broghel,
netherlands, painter - brueghel was a painter famous for his landscapes
and scenes of peasant life. he apprenticed with
pieter coecke van aelst, but his work was most
influenced by dutch painter hieronymus bosch. he
is credited with being the first to paint
landscapes for their own beauty rather than as a
backdrop in religious art. his works include the
little" tower of babel, 1563. - paolo veronese, 1528-1588, verona, italy, painter
-
- veronese is also know as paolo cagliari. most
of his paintings are in the venetian mannerist
style and include vivid colors. veroneses works
include the battle of lepanto, 1571.
23utopia in the renaissance
filippo brunelleschi, florence cathedral florence,
italy, 1242 and later moffet, marian, michael
fazio, and lawrence wodehouse. buildings across
time an introduction to world architecture.
new york mcgraw hill, 2004.
24utopia in the renaissance
leon battista alberti, s. maria novella florence,
italy, 1456-1470 moffet, marian, michael fazio,
and lawrence wodehouse. buildings across time
an introduction to world architecture. new york
mcgraw hill, 2004.
25utopia in the renaissance
design for the ideal city of sforzinda, ca.
1460-1464
26utopia in the renaissance
lucas van valckenborch (1535-1597), der turmbau
zu babel (the tower of babylon) neuer berliner
kunstverein und autoren eds. stadt und utopie.
modelle idealer gemeinschaften (city and utopia.
models for ideal communities). berlin froelich
kaufmann, 1982
27utopia in the renaissance
michelangelo buonarroti, campidoglio rome, italy,
1537 engraving by le tarouilly moffet, marian,
michael fazio, and lawrence wodehouse. buildings
across time an introduction to world
architecture. new york mcgraw hill, 2004.
28utopia in the renaissance
pieter bruegel d. ae. (the older), der turmbau
von babel (the tower of babylon), 1563 neuer
berliner kunstverein und autoren eds. stadt und
utopie. modelle idealer gemeinschaften (city and
utopia. models for ideal communities). berlin
froelich kaufmann, 1982
29utopia in the age of humanism
the term humanism refers to an ethical and
philosophical approach to life which focuses on
the solution of human problems through rational
thought rather than biblical teachings or faith.
this approach asserted that man, rather than
faith based scriptures, is the ultimate
determiner of value and morality. humanism in
the renaissance began in central italy during the
last part of the 14th century. the movement was
based on the interpretation of roman and greek
texts which placed emphasis on the senses and
art. the beauty of art was believed to hold
virtue that would lead one to God. humanists
believed that the arts should be practiced by
everyone, rich and poor. great emphasis was
placed on the worth of the individual. man is
the measure of all things - protagoras
30utopia in the age of humanism
- t h o m a s m o r e 1477/78-1535 coined the
term utopia in his famous report on raphael
hythlodayes fictitious journey to america which
landed on utopia, an island, in 1516 yet these
paradises had been a part of human culture since
the start of recorded history.
originally, these ideal societies were populated
by the just, the blessed, or the exceptionally
virtuous . to live here required a
transformation from sinful life either through
death, a dream, grace of the god(s), a
pilgrimage, enlightenment, or the purification of
the soul. during the renaissance or age of
humanism these issues should dramatically shift
31utopia in the age of humanism
t h e o r i s t s
- desiderius erasmus roterodamus, 1466-1536,
rotterdam, netherlands, theolorist - erasmus was also know as gerrit
gerritzoons (dutch for gerhard gerhardson). he
was a theologin and a humanist who was critical
of the church and its rigid control over
academics. his major writing was his critical
edition of the new testament called textus
receptus, published in 1516. this text was
studied by church reformers and was used for the
king james translation of the bible. his best
known work is praise of folly, 1511. - baruch spinoza, 1632-1677, amsterdam,
netherlands, theolorist -
-
- spinoza was also known as benedictus de spinoza.
he ascribed to the theory of rationalism, which
is similar to humanism although it isnt centered
on the humans superiority. he is the founder of
modern biblical critiscism. his most renound
work was ethics, 1677.
32utopia in the age of humanism
albrecht duerer, idealstadt (ideal city), 1527
neuer berliner kunstverein und autoren eds.
stadt und utopie. modelle idealer gemeinschaften
(city and utopia. models for ideal communities).
berlin froelich kaufmann, 1982
33utopia in the baroque
- the baroque style was supported by the catholic
church. after the protestant reformation, the
church began trying to covert people back to
catholicism. the counter-reformation was the
churchs attempt to reform itself and regain its
congregations. they adopted the baroque style to
promote this interest. they hoped the style,
which produced beautiful churches, would lure
people back. all of the arts soon became
combined under this style. - the baroque style is characterized by spatial
complexity, and drama created by hidden light
sources. it also usually includes undulating
facades formed through concantenation, or a build
up of parts to the center. - the baroque lasted from the 17th to 18th
centuries.
34utopia in the baroque
pierre patel, 1668 birds eye view of versialles
from the east
timeline of the baroque 1545 counter reformation
begins 1545 council of trent 1546 st. peters
basilica finished by bernini in rome 1585 sixtus
v replans rome 1590 early baroque begins 1611
king james bible written 1618 beginning of the
thirty years war 1625 high baroque begins 1651
thomas hobbes writes leviathan 1660 late baroque
begins 1661 palace of versailles built 1666 sir
christopher wren redesigns london 1690 john locke
writes two treatises on government
1718 new orleans founded 1719 pompeii
discovered 1721 fischer von erlach writes
historic architecture 1725 baroque begins to
decline 1732 franklin writes poor richards
alamanac 1754 french and indian war 1769 steam
engine invented 1762 rousseau writes the social
contract 1775 american revolutionary war begins
35utopia in the baroque
a r c h i t e c t s
- gianlorenzo bernini, 15981680, naples, italy
- bernini is considered the creator of the baroque
style. he used mainly false perspective and
trompe-l'oeil in his works. his major works
include piazza of st. peter's, at vatican city,
surrounded by rome, italy, 16561667 and
santandrea al quirinale, at rome, italy,
16581665. - francesco borromini, 1599-1667, bissone,
switzerland -
- borromini began a stone mason, but while in rome
he began practicing architecture. his works
include san carlo alle quattro fontane, 1634 and
the church of saint agnes in agone, 1652. - giacomo vignola, 15071573, vignola, italy
- he is also known as giacomo barozzi. vignola
worked in rome and studied with michelangelo.
his use of classicism was inspired mostly by
bramante. his main writing the five orders of
architecture set the standard for the use of
proportion in architecture. his most famous work
was villa farnese, at caprarola, near viterbo,
italy, 1560. -
36utopia in the baroque
Plates from piranesis carceri, 1749 - 1750
- giovanni battista piranesi, 1720 1778, venice,
italy - piranesi was an italian artist, etcher, and
architect know for his sublime interpretations of
roman monuments within his etchings. his most
famous collection of etchings are know as the
carceri plates which depict dark prisons. the
one remaining building of his design is the
church of santa maria priorato, rome, 176465.
the round tower
title plate
37utopia in the baroque
jacques perret, idealstadtentwurf mit
zitadellenkopf (design for a ideal city with a
citadel), 1601 neuer berliner kunstverein und
autoren eds. stadt und utopie. modelle idealer
gemeinschaften (city and utopia. models for ideal
communities). berlin froelich kaufmann, 1982
38utopia in the baroque
vincenzo scamozzi, grundriss einer idealen stadt
(plan of an ideal city), 1615 neuer berliner
kunstverein und autoren eds. stadt und utopie.
modelle idealer gemeinschaften (city and utopia.
models for ideal communities). berlin froelich
kaufmann, 1982
39utopia in the baroque
guarino guarini, san lorenzo torino turin, italy,
1666
40utopia in the baroque
christian thran, prospekt von schloss und stadt
karlsruhe (prospect of the palace and city of
karlsruhe, germany), 1739 neuer berliner
kunstverein und autoren eds. stadt und utopie.
modelle idealer gemeinschaften (city and utopia.
models for ideal communities). berlin froelich
kaufmann, 1982
41utopia in the baroque
karlsruhe, germany a palace is the focus of the
32 radiating roads
42utopia in the age of reason/19th century
Gustave Dore, An East End Poor House, 1870
- both american and french revolutionaries adopted
the principle of utopia and tried - to apply its ideas of liberty, equality, and
justice within their new governments. - people began to address social ills within
their societies. - a 19th century utopia propagated people to choose
their own profession. this idea - led to labor reforms.
- utopian societies were the answer to universal
human improvement. - the Communist Manifesto by karl marx is one
example of 19th century utopian - thinking.
43utopia in the age of reason/19th century
- the age of reason, also called the enlightenment,
was based on the scientific and other discoveries
made in the 17th century. the universally valid
principles discovered by newton (16421727),
descartes (15961650) and others became the
ideals of the time. rational thought as well
skeptisism led to a decline in christian beliefs.
people began to explain the world using
scientific principles rather than faith. - the industrial revolution (17501850) also played
a major role in society during this time. the
belief in science and rational thought of the
early 1700s led to many technological
discoveries. the factory system, made possible
by the invention of industrial machinery,
overpowered the cottage industries to become the
dominant force of the time. workers who had been
employed on the farm now worked in the factories,
creating crowded, industrial cities. - the industrial cities, some believed, led to a
decline in morals. the arts and crafts movement
protested the mass production of goods, believing
individual craftsmanship would bring morals back
to the cities.
44utopia in the age of reason/19th century
a r c h i t e c t s
- karl friedrich schinkel, 17811841, neuruppin,
prussia - schinkel used architecture as a way to foster
civic consciousness and used primarily greek
classicism to accomplish this. his main works
include the altes museum, berlin, germany,
18231830 hunting lodge, antonin, germany, 1822
and schauspielhaus, berlin, germany, 1821. - augustus welby northmore pugin, 18121852,
london, england -
- pugin was a leading gothic revivalist who
thought that gothic was the embodiment of
christian morals and values. he felt these
morals were lacking from his own time. his major
writing on the subject is contrasts or parallel
between the noble edifices of the fourteenth and
fifteenth centuries and similar buildings of the
present day shewing the present day decay of
taste, 1836. - william morris, 18341896, walthamstow, england
-
- william morris was the leader of an activist
group at oxford university that advocated the
ideals of ruskin. he started the firm morris and
company to promote the ideals of the arts and
crafts movement and craftsman architecture. he
emphasized the creation of goods by hand rather
than machine, and placed value on learning a
craft. -
45utopia in the age of reason/19th century
joseph paxton, 1851 the crystal palace
timeline of the age of reason 1745 denis diderot
edits the encyclopedia 1775 american
revolution 1789 french revolution 1807 slave
trade abolished 1809 haussmann replans paris 1814
steam power locomotive invented 1819 ecole des
beaux arts established in france 1837 telegraph
invented 1841 pugin writes the true principles of
a pointed or christian architecture 1848 karl
marx writes the communist manifesto 1849 ruskin
writes the seven lamps of architecture 1851 great
exhibition in london
1856 louis pasteur invents pasteurization 1856
bessemer process invented 1858 internal
combustion engine invented 1859 darwin writes
origin of species 1885 first practical automobile
invented 1876 incandescent light bulb
invented 1873 barbed wire invented 1889 paris
international exposition 1893 worlds columbian
exposition in chicago
46utopia in the age of reason
lord burlington (richard boyle), chiswick house,
1725 london, england moffet, marian, michael
fazio, and lawrence wodehouse. buildings across
time an introduction to world architecture.
new york mcgraw hill, 2004.
47utopia in the age of reason
claude nicolas ledoux, chaux salt works chaux,
france, 1775
48utopia in the age of reason
etienne-louis boullée. elevation for newton's
cenotaph, perspective watercolor drawing, ca.
1785 bnf, département des estampes et de la
photographie
49utopia in the 19th century
karl friedrich schinkel, antike stadt an einem
berg (antique city at a montain), ca. 1805
neuer berliner kunstverein und autoren eds.
stadt und utopie. modelle idealer gemeinschaften
(city and utopia. models for ideal communities).
berlin froelich kaufmann, 1982
50utopia in the 19th century
karl friedrich schinkel, altes museum, 1823-1828
berlin, germany moffet, marian, michael fazio,
and lawrence wodehouse. buildings across time
an introduction to world architecture. new york
mcgraw hill, 2004.
51utopia in the 19th century
thomas stedman whitwell, idealentwurf fuer robert
owens new harmony (ideal design for robert
owens new hamony), ca. 1824 neuer berliner
kunstverein und autoren eds. stadt und utopie.
modelle idealer gemeinschaften (city and utopia.
models for ideal communities). berlin froelich
kaufmann, 1982
52utopia in the 19th century
frederic martens, vue du pont neuf et du vert
galant paris, france, 1863 dethier, jean, and
alain guiheux. la ville, art et architecture en
europe, 1870 1993. paris centre pompidou,
1994.
53utopia in the 19th century
gustave dore, over london by rail, 1872 dethier,
jean, and alain guiheux. la ville, art et
architecture en europe, 1870 1993. paris
centre pompidou, 1994.
54utopia in the 19th century
ebenezer howard, die drei magneten, diagramm zur
gartenstadt (the three magnets, garden city
diagram, 1898 neuer berliner kunstverein und
autoren eds. stadt und utopie. modelle idealer
gemeinschaften (city and utopia. models for ideal
communities). berlin froelich kaufmann, 1982
55utopia in the 19th century
diagram of social cities from ebenezer
howards to-morrow a peaceful path to social
reform first published in 1898, and renamed in
later editions garden cities of to-morrow.
56utopia in the 19th century
anonymous, chantier du metropolitain place
saint-michel, paris, france, 1907 dethier, jean,
and alain guiheux. la ville, art et architecture
en europe, 1870 1993. paris centre pompidou,
1994.
57references on utopia
u t o p i a l i n k s http//utopia.nypl.org/lin
ks.html u t o p i a b y t h o m a s m o r
e http//www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/thomasmore-ut
opia.html s u g g e s t e d r e a d i n g
s duby, georges. the age of cathedrals art and
society, 980-1420. chicago university of
chicago press, 1981 hollister, c. warren, and
judith bennett. medieval europe a short
history. columbus mcgraw-hill, 2005 huizinga,
johan. the autumn of the middle ages.
translated by ulrich mammitzsch and rodney j.
payton. chicago university of chicago press,
1996 le goff, jacques. medieval civilizations
400-1500 ad. oxford blackwell publishers,
1990 tierney, brian, and sidney painter. western
europe in the middle ages 300-1475. columbus
mcgraw-hill, 1998