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Title: u t o p i a 1 : from the middle ages to the age of reason www.utopia.nypl.orghomepage_noqt.shtml


1
u t o p i a 1 from the middle ages to the age
of reasonwww.utopia.nypl.org/homepage_noqt.shtml
redirect
2
utopia in the ancient world and medieval
  • medieval describes the period between the fall
    of the roman empire in 410 AD and the beginning
    of the renaissance in the 15th century. the
    medieval period ended with the protestant
    reformation led by martin luther (14831546).
    major styles of this period include romanesque
    and gothic, mostly centered on the design of
    churches.
  • after the collapse of the roman empire, its
    territories were besieged by immigrants from
    central asia. these barbarians, as the native
    romans called them, included the franks,
    lombards, goths, visigoths, and the vandals.
    these people converted to christianity and
    instituted the feudal rule of government. thus
    began the rule of the byzantine empire.
  • under the feudal system, small agricultural units
    were organized by lords who controlled the lands
    around their fortified dwellings by force.
    peasants worked the land in exchange for the
    lords protection.

3
utopia in the ancient world and medieval
  • utopia as an imaginary ideal society and
    consequently, the city, free of poverty and
    suffering
  • i.e. the garden of eden or paradise located
    atlantis-like anywhere from the tigris and
  • euphretes river to ancient ethopia and
    eventually, predating the genesis report by
    millennia
  • the biblical tower of babylon jerusalem as the
    medieval perception of the holy city, etc..
  • see www. idolphin.org/eden

4
utopia in the ancient world and medieval
timeline of the medieval period 330
constantine gains power of roman empire 962
holy roman empire forms 840 charlemagne
dies 1000 leif, son of eric the red sails to
america 1025 byzantine empire comes to power 1050
beginning of the high middle ages 1050 farm plow,
crop rotation first used 1066 william the
conqueror invades england 1095 first crusade 1147
second crusade 1187 third crusade 1215 magna
carta is created 1300 beginning of the high
middle ages
illustration of dantes divine comedy by gustave
dore
1306 dante writes his divine comedy 1337 start of
the hundred years war 1348 black plague reaches
england 1387 geoffrey chaucer writes the
canterbury tales 1429 joan of arc liberates
central france 1453 turks conquer constantipole
ending byzantine empire 1477 first book printed
in england 1492 columbus discovers america 1517
beginning of the protestant reformation
5
utopia in the ancient world and medieval
p o e t s / t h e o r i s t s
  • aurelius augustinus, 354430, tagaste, a roman
    city in north africa, theologian
  • aurelius, also called augustine of hippo, is a
    saint in the roman catholic faith. he was an
    influential leader of the protestant reformation,
    teaching salvation and grace. he is still
    important in the christian faith today. his
    writings include the city of god, early 5th
    century.
  • dante alighieri, 1265-1321, florence, italy, poet
  • dante is most known for his divine comedy
    written from 1308 until his death. this story
    describes dantes conception of hell and it was
    the basis for the modern italian language. dante
    was later exiled from florence for life due to
    political reasons.

6
utopia in the ancient world and medieval
takht-I suleiman (parthian sanctuary of 1st
century AD), azerbaijan focal point is the
sacred fire adhur gushnasp or royal
fire kostof, spiro. the city shaped urban
patterns and meanings through history. p 164.
london thames hudson, 1991
7
utopia in the ancient world and medieval
the city as diagram gur firuzabad, iran,
sassanian capital in the 3rd century AD kostof,
spiro. the city shaped urban patterns and
meanings through history. p 184. london thames
hudson, 1991
8
utopia in the ancient world and medieval
st. gallener klosterplan plan of the st. gall
monastery, ca 820 moffet, marian, michael
fazio, and lawrence wodehouse. buildings across
time an introduction to world architecture.
new york mcgraw hill, 2004.
9
utopia in the ancient world and medieval
Cluny III Monastery 11th century AD Moffet,
Marian, Michael Fazio, and Lawrence Wodehouse.
Buildings Across Time An Introduction to World
Architecture. New York McGraw Hill, 2004.
10
utopia in the ancient world and medieval
st. michealis church in hildesheim, germany,
1010-1033
11
utopia in the ancient world and medieval
hezelo-radleuchter im dom zu hildesheim/hezelo
wheel chandelier, hildesheim cathedral
hildesheim, germany, ca 1054-1079 neuer
berliner kunstverein und autoren eds. stadt und
utopie. modelle idealer gemeinschaften (city and
utopia. models for ideal communities). berlin
froelich kaufmann, 1982
12
utopia in the ancient world and medieval
chartres cathedral chartres, france, 1194-1230
moffet, marian, michael fazio, and lawrence
wodehouse. buildings across time an
introduction to world architecture. new york
mcgraw hill, 2004.
13
utopia in the ancient world and medieval
  • apocalypsis apocalypse
  • germany, early 15th century
  • nypl, manuscripts and archives division
  • depiction of new jerusalem
  • within the book of revelation in a bible.
  • and in the spirit he carried me away to a great,
    high
  • mountain, and showed me the holy city jerusalem
    coming
  • down out of heaven from God, having the glory of
    God, its
  • radiance like a most rare jewel, like a jasper,
    clear as
  • crystal. it had a great, high wall, with twelve
    gates, and at
  • the gates twelve angels, and on the gates the
    names of the
  • twelve tribes of the sons of israel were
    inscribed...
  • revelation 21 1012

14
utopia in the renaissance
villa rotunda, vicenza, italy andrea palladio,
1550
  • during the renaissance, the idea of utopia
    changed to appeal to the ideals of the time.
  • no longer were utopian cities reserved for the
    sinless they became an earthly idea.
  • renaissance architects adopted the idea of utopia
    in pursuit of the ideal living space.
  • many of the utopian ideals centered on the newly
    discovered american continents.

15
utopia in the renaissance
  • the italian renaissance began after the fall of
    constantinople in 1453 and was concentrated in
    the city of florence, italy. the protestant
    reformation had ended the middle ages and the
    stability of the church. the belief in humanism,
    that one controls ones own destiny, became the
    central ideal of the renaissance.
  • many renaissance architects were inspired by
    roman ruins because they believed the roman
    empire represented the ideal of humanism.
    concentration on the importance of the individual
    rather than the church led to the use of
    human-based proportional systems in renaissance
    architecture.
  • the clash between catholic and protestant
    churches led to the thirty years war. political
    unrest and finally the collapse of the german
    empire propelled europe into war. the collapse
    of the german empire allowed other countries to
    invade and claim german lands.

16
utopia in the renaissance
leonardo di vincis the last supper
timeline of the renaissance 1341 renaissance
begins 1413 brunelleschi develops perspective
drawing 1418 medicis rebuild church of san
lorenzo 1429 joan of arc liberates central
france 1450 alberti writes his treaties on
architecture 1452 leonardo di vinci is born 1453
constantinople falls, end of byzantine
empire 1454 johann gutenberg prints the gutenberg
bible 1503 leonardo di vinci paints the mona
lisa 1508 michelangelo paints ceiling of sistine
chapel 1513 niccolo machiavelli publishes the
prince 1517 beginning of the protestant
reformation 1519 leonardo da vinci dies
1527 rome is sacked ending the italian
renaissance 1591 galileo galilei demonstrates
gravity 1618 kepler reveals third law of
planetary motion 1618 start of the 30 years war
1637 descartes publishes discourse on method
1643 evangelista torricelli invents the
barometer 1656 otto von guericke invents the air
pump 1687 newton writes philosophia naturalis
principia mathematica
17
utopia in the renaissance
a r c h i t e c t s
  • giotto di bondone, 1267-1337, florence, italy,
    architect, painter
  • he was the first artist to contribute to the
    italian renaissance. his art was the key link
    between the works of the middle ages and that of
    the renaissance. bondones works were the first
    to realistically portray the human body by using
    three dimensional space. his master work is the
    fresco cappella degli scrovegni in the arena
    chapel in padua, italy, 1305.
  • filippo brunelleschi, 13771446, florence, italy,
    architect
  • brunelleschi was the first great architect of
    the italian renaissance. he built the dome for
    the florence cathedral (1420) as well as pazzi
    chapel, florence (14301433).
  • leon battista alberti, 14041472, genoa, italy,
    architect
  • alberti was the first theorist of humanist art.
    His two main writings include de pictura (1435)
    and de re aedificatoria (1450). albertis
    writings told architects how buildings should be
    built rather than how they were built. his main
    works include s. andrea, mantua, italy,
    14701476 s. maria novella, florence, italy,
    1456 1470 and san sebastiano, mantua, italy,
    1459.

18
utopia in the renaissance
a r c h i t e c t s
  • michelangelo buonarroti, 14751564, caprese,
    tuscany, architect, sculpter
  • michelangelo was a sculptor, painter, and
    architect once employed by the medicis. though
    self taught, michelangelo was inspired by artists
    leonardo, giotto, and poliziano. his most famous
    works include his sculpture david, his painting
    of the ceiling of the sistine chapel, and his
    redesign of st. peters church in rome.
  • andrea palladio, 15081580, padua, italy,
    architect
  • his most famous writing was the four books of
    architecture (1716) containing measured drawings
    of the roman ruins as well as compositions of his
    own. palladio chiefly designed country villas
    using his palladian motif of arches supported
    by columns. his most famous villa is the villa
    rotunda, vicenza, italy, 15501560.
  • vincenzo scamozzi, 15521616, vicenza, italy,
    architect
  • scamozzi was mentored by andrea palladio. his
    most famous writing was l'Idea della architettura
    universale, 1615. his most famous work was his
    remodeled teatro olimpico, vicenza 1584-1585.

19
utopia in the renaissance
a r t i s t s / b a n k e r s
  • sandro botticelli, 1445-1510, florence, italy,
    painter
  • botticelli was also known as alessandro di
    mariano filipepi, and apprenticed under fra
    filippo lippi and andrea del verrocchio. he
    worked with leonardo da vinci and was employed by
    the medicis. his famous work is the birth of
    venus, 1483. he also illustrated several scenes
    for dantes inferno, 1308.
  • hieronymus bosch, 1450-1516, 's-hertogenbosch,
    netherlands, painter
  • boschs paintings made extensive use of
    iconography to depict hell, sin, and immorality.
    the surreal movement of the 20th century was
    greatly influenced by his fear-evoking works.
    his most famous work is the garden of earthly
    delights, 1504 which portrayed both paradise and
    hell.
  • jacob fugger II, 14591525, augsburg, germany,
    banker
  • fugger, also called jacob the rich, came from a
    powerful family of merchant princes. jacobs
    fortune had its source in his monopoly of the
    mining and trading of silver, copper, and
    mercury. jacob lent impressive sums to the holy
    roman empires maximilion I. the fuggers, the
    richest family in europe, became great patrons of
    the arts.

20
utopia in the renaissance
a r t i s t s
  • matthias grünewald, 1470-1528, würzburg, germany,
    painter
  • he was also known as mathis gothart niethart.
    he was a visionary painter during the german
    renaissance. his paintings use bold color and
    starkly contrast that of dürers. his most
    famous work is isenheim altarpiece, 1515 which
    includes the famous images the crucifixion, the
    temptation of st anthony, and the resurrection.
  • albrecht dürer, 1471-1528, nuremburg, painter,
    mathematician
  • dürer is most famous for a series of woodcuts
    that include a depiction of the apocolypse (1498)
    and the great passion (1498-1510) depicting the
    crucifixion of Christ. he developed a rational
    system of perspective and human proportions that
    greatly influenced other renaissance works.
  • raphael, 1483-1520, urbino, italy, painter,
    architect
  • raphael, also known as raffaello, was a painter
    during the high renaissance. he studied under
    pietro perugino but adopted the style of leonardo
    and michelangelo. he is famous for his frescoes
    in the vatican palace including the painting the
    school of athens, 1508. he was also head
    architect of saint peter's basilica in rome,
    1514.

21
utopia in the renaissance
a r t i s t s / t h e o r i s t s
  • tiziano vecelli, 1488-1576, pieve di cadore,
    italy, painter
  • tiziano worked mostly with partner giorgione
    doing frescoes but his fame grew after his
    partners death in 1510. he completed the venus
    of urbino, 1538 and emperor charles V at
    mühlberg, 1548 during these later years.
  • philipp melanchthon, 1497-1560, bretten, germany,
    theologian
  • he was a writer for the protestant reformation
    and worked closely with martin luther. he worked
    to publicize and defend luthers ideas.
    melanchthon wrote commentary on the colossians in
    1529.
  • tintoretto, 1518-1594, venice, italy, painter
  • tintoretto was also known as jacopo robusti. he
    has been called the last great painter of the
    italian renaissance. his passionate paintings
    included special lighting effects, making his
    work and inspiration for baroque art. his
    paintings include the last supper, 1594, finding
    of the body of st mark, 1548, and st mark's body
    brought to venice, 1548.

22
utopia in the renaissance
a r t i s t s
  • pieter brueghel the elder, 1525-1569, broghel,
    netherlands, painter
  • brueghel was a painter famous for his landscapes
    and scenes of peasant life. he apprenticed with
    pieter coecke van aelst, but his work was most
    influenced by dutch painter hieronymus bosch. he
    is credited with being the first to paint
    landscapes for their own beauty rather than as a
    backdrop in religious art. his works include the
    little" tower of babel, 1563.
  • paolo veronese, 1528-1588, verona, italy, painter
  • veronese is also know as paolo cagliari. most
    of his paintings are in the venetian mannerist
    style and include vivid colors. veroneses works
    include the battle of lepanto, 1571.

23
utopia in the renaissance
filippo brunelleschi, florence cathedral florence,
italy, 1242 and later moffet, marian, michael
fazio, and lawrence wodehouse. buildings across
time an introduction to world architecture.
new york mcgraw hill, 2004.
24
utopia in the renaissance
leon battista alberti, s. maria novella florence,
italy, 1456-1470 moffet, marian, michael fazio,
and lawrence wodehouse. buildings across time
an introduction to world architecture. new york
mcgraw hill, 2004.
25
utopia in the renaissance
design for the ideal city of sforzinda, ca.
1460-1464
26
utopia in the renaissance
lucas van valckenborch (1535-1597), der turmbau
zu babel (the tower of babylon) neuer berliner
kunstverein und autoren eds. stadt und utopie.
modelle idealer gemeinschaften (city and utopia.
models for ideal communities). berlin froelich
kaufmann, 1982
27
utopia in the renaissance
michelangelo buonarroti, campidoglio rome, italy,
1537 engraving by le tarouilly moffet, marian,
michael fazio, and lawrence wodehouse. buildings
across time an introduction to world
architecture. new york mcgraw hill, 2004.
28
utopia in the renaissance
pieter bruegel d. ae. (the older), der turmbau
von babel (the tower of babylon), 1563 neuer
berliner kunstverein und autoren eds. stadt und
utopie. modelle idealer gemeinschaften (city and
utopia. models for ideal communities). berlin
froelich kaufmann, 1982
29
utopia in the age of humanism
the term humanism refers to an ethical and
philosophical approach to life which focuses on
the solution of human problems through rational
thought rather than biblical teachings or faith.
this approach asserted that man, rather than
faith based scriptures, is the ultimate
determiner of value and morality. humanism in
the renaissance began in central italy during the
last part of the 14th century. the movement was
based on the interpretation of roman and greek
texts which placed emphasis on the senses and
art. the beauty of art was believed to hold
virtue that would lead one to God. humanists
believed that the arts should be practiced by
everyone, rich and poor. great emphasis was
placed on the worth of the individual. man is
the measure of all things - protagoras
30
utopia in the age of humanism
  • t h o m a s m o r e 1477/78-1535 coined the
    term utopia in his famous report on raphael
    hythlodayes fictitious journey to america which
    landed on utopia, an island, in 1516 yet these
    paradises had been a part of human culture since
    the start of recorded history.

originally, these ideal societies were populated
by the just, the blessed, or the exceptionally
virtuous . to live here required a
transformation from sinful life either through
death, a dream, grace of the god(s), a
pilgrimage, enlightenment, or the purification of
the soul. during the renaissance or age of
humanism these issues should dramatically shift
31
utopia in the age of humanism
t h e o r i s t s
  • desiderius erasmus roterodamus, 1466-1536,
    rotterdam, netherlands, theolorist
  • erasmus was also know as gerrit
    gerritzoons (dutch for gerhard gerhardson). he
    was a theologin and a humanist who was critical
    of the church and its rigid control over
    academics. his major writing was his critical
    edition of the new testament called textus
    receptus, published in 1516. this text was
    studied by church reformers and was used for the
    king james translation of the bible. his best
    known work is praise of folly, 1511.
  • baruch spinoza, 1632-1677, amsterdam,
    netherlands, theolorist
  • spinoza was also known as benedictus de spinoza.
    he ascribed to the theory of rationalism, which
    is similar to humanism although it isnt centered
    on the humans superiority. he is the founder of
    modern biblical critiscism. his most renound
    work was ethics, 1677.

32
utopia in the age of humanism
albrecht duerer, idealstadt (ideal city), 1527
neuer berliner kunstverein und autoren eds.
stadt und utopie. modelle idealer gemeinschaften
(city and utopia. models for ideal communities).
berlin froelich kaufmann, 1982
33
utopia in the baroque
  • the baroque style was supported by the catholic
    church. after the protestant reformation, the
    church began trying to covert people back to
    catholicism. the counter-reformation was the
    churchs attempt to reform itself and regain its
    congregations. they adopted the baroque style to
    promote this interest. they hoped the style,
    which produced beautiful churches, would lure
    people back. all of the arts soon became
    combined under this style.
  • the baroque style is characterized by spatial
    complexity, and drama created by hidden light
    sources. it also usually includes undulating
    facades formed through concantenation, or a build
    up of parts to the center.
  • the baroque lasted from the 17th to 18th
    centuries.

34
utopia in the baroque
pierre patel, 1668 birds eye view of versialles
from the east
timeline of the baroque 1545 counter reformation
begins 1545 council of trent 1546 st. peters
basilica finished by bernini in rome 1585 sixtus
v replans rome 1590 early baroque begins 1611
king james bible written 1618 beginning of the
thirty years war 1625 high baroque begins 1651
thomas hobbes writes leviathan 1660 late baroque
begins 1661 palace of versailles built 1666 sir
christopher wren redesigns london 1690 john locke
writes two treatises on government
1718 new orleans founded 1719 pompeii
discovered 1721 fischer von erlach writes
historic architecture 1725 baroque begins to
decline 1732 franklin writes poor richards
alamanac 1754 french and indian war 1769 steam
engine invented 1762 rousseau writes the social
contract 1775 american revolutionary war begins
35
utopia in the baroque
a r c h i t e c t s
  • gianlorenzo bernini, 15981680, naples, italy
  • bernini is considered the creator of the baroque
    style. he used mainly false perspective and
    trompe-l'oeil in his works. his major works
    include piazza of st. peter's, at vatican city,
    surrounded by rome, italy, 16561667 and
    santandrea al quirinale, at rome, italy,
    16581665.
  • francesco borromini, 1599-1667, bissone,
    switzerland
  • borromini began a stone mason, but while in rome
    he began practicing architecture. his works
    include san carlo alle quattro fontane, 1634 and
    the church of saint agnes in agone, 1652.
  • giacomo vignola, 15071573, vignola, italy
  • he is also known as giacomo barozzi. vignola
    worked in rome and studied with michelangelo.
    his use of classicism was inspired mostly by
    bramante. his main writing the five orders of
    architecture set the standard for the use of
    proportion in architecture. his most famous work
    was villa farnese, at caprarola, near viterbo,
    italy, 1560.

36
utopia in the baroque
Plates from piranesis carceri, 1749 - 1750
  • giovanni battista piranesi, 1720 1778, venice,
    italy
  • piranesi was an italian artist, etcher, and
    architect know for his sublime interpretations of
    roman monuments within his etchings. his most
    famous collection of etchings are know as the
    carceri plates which depict dark prisons. the
    one remaining building of his design is the
    church of santa maria priorato, rome, 176465.

the round tower
title plate
37
utopia in the baroque
jacques perret, idealstadtentwurf mit
zitadellenkopf (design for a ideal city with a
citadel), 1601 neuer berliner kunstverein und
autoren eds. stadt und utopie. modelle idealer
gemeinschaften (city and utopia. models for ideal
communities). berlin froelich kaufmann, 1982
38
utopia in the baroque
vincenzo scamozzi, grundriss einer idealen stadt
(plan of an ideal city), 1615 neuer berliner
kunstverein und autoren eds. stadt und utopie.
modelle idealer gemeinschaften (city and utopia.
models for ideal communities). berlin froelich
kaufmann, 1982
39
utopia in the baroque
guarino guarini, san lorenzo torino turin, italy,
1666
40
utopia in the baroque
christian thran, prospekt von schloss und stadt
karlsruhe (prospect of the palace and city of
karlsruhe, germany), 1739 neuer berliner
kunstverein und autoren eds. stadt und utopie.
modelle idealer gemeinschaften (city and utopia.
models for ideal communities). berlin froelich
kaufmann, 1982
41
utopia in the baroque
karlsruhe, germany a palace is the focus of the
32 radiating roads
42
utopia in the age of reason/19th century
Gustave Dore, An East End Poor House, 1870
  • both american and french revolutionaries adopted
    the principle of utopia and tried
  • to apply its ideas of liberty, equality, and
    justice within their new governments.
  • people began to address social ills within
    their societies.
  • a 19th century utopia propagated people to choose
    their own profession. this idea
  • led to labor reforms.
  • utopian societies were the answer to universal
    human improvement.
  • the Communist Manifesto by karl marx is one
    example of 19th century utopian
  • thinking.

43
utopia in the age of reason/19th century
  • the age of reason, also called the enlightenment,
    was based on the scientific and other discoveries
    made in the 17th century. the universally valid
    principles discovered by newton (16421727),
    descartes (15961650) and others became the
    ideals of the time. rational thought as well
    skeptisism led to a decline in christian beliefs.
    people began to explain the world using
    scientific principles rather than faith.
  • the industrial revolution (17501850) also played
    a major role in society during this time. the
    belief in science and rational thought of the
    early 1700s led to many technological
    discoveries. the factory system, made possible
    by the invention of industrial machinery,
    overpowered the cottage industries to become the
    dominant force of the time. workers who had been
    employed on the farm now worked in the factories,
    creating crowded, industrial cities.
  • the industrial cities, some believed, led to a
    decline in morals. the arts and crafts movement
    protested the mass production of goods, believing
    individual craftsmanship would bring morals back
    to the cities.

44
utopia in the age of reason/19th century
a r c h i t e c t s
  • karl friedrich schinkel, 17811841, neuruppin,
    prussia
  • schinkel used architecture as a way to foster
    civic consciousness and used primarily greek
    classicism to accomplish this. his main works
    include the altes museum, berlin, germany,
    18231830 hunting lodge, antonin, germany, 1822
    and schauspielhaus, berlin, germany, 1821.
  • augustus welby northmore pugin, 18121852,
    london, england
  • pugin was a leading gothic revivalist who
    thought that gothic was the embodiment of
    christian morals and values. he felt these
    morals were lacking from his own time. his major
    writing on the subject is contrasts or parallel
    between the noble edifices of the fourteenth and
    fifteenth centuries and similar buildings of the
    present day shewing the present day decay of
    taste, 1836.
  • william morris, 18341896, walthamstow, england
  • william morris was the leader of an activist
    group at oxford university that advocated the
    ideals of ruskin. he started the firm morris and
    company to promote the ideals of the arts and
    crafts movement and craftsman architecture. he
    emphasized the creation of goods by hand rather
    than machine, and placed value on learning a
    craft.

45
utopia in the age of reason/19th century
joseph paxton, 1851 the crystal palace
timeline of the age of reason 1745 denis diderot
edits the encyclopedia 1775 american
revolution 1789 french revolution 1807 slave
trade abolished 1809 haussmann replans paris 1814
steam power locomotive invented 1819 ecole des
beaux arts established in france 1837 telegraph
invented 1841 pugin writes the true principles of
a pointed or christian architecture 1848 karl
marx writes the communist manifesto 1849 ruskin
writes the seven lamps of architecture 1851 great
exhibition in london
1856 louis pasteur invents pasteurization 1856
bessemer process invented 1858 internal
combustion engine invented 1859 darwin writes
origin of species 1885 first practical automobile
invented 1876 incandescent light bulb
invented 1873 barbed wire invented 1889 paris
international exposition 1893 worlds columbian
exposition in chicago
46
utopia in the age of reason
lord burlington (richard boyle), chiswick house,
1725 london, england moffet, marian, michael
fazio, and lawrence wodehouse. buildings across
time an introduction to world architecture.
new york mcgraw hill, 2004.
47
utopia in the age of reason
claude nicolas ledoux, chaux salt works chaux,
france, 1775
48
utopia in the age of reason
etienne-louis boullée. elevation for newton's
cenotaph, perspective watercolor drawing, ca.
1785 bnf, département des estampes et de la
photographie
49
utopia in the 19th century
karl friedrich schinkel, antike stadt an einem
berg (antique city at a montain), ca. 1805
neuer berliner kunstverein und autoren eds.
stadt und utopie. modelle idealer gemeinschaften
(city and utopia. models for ideal communities).
berlin froelich kaufmann, 1982
50
utopia in the 19th century
karl friedrich schinkel, altes museum, 1823-1828
berlin, germany moffet, marian, michael fazio,
and lawrence wodehouse. buildings across time
an introduction to world architecture. new york
mcgraw hill, 2004.
51
utopia in the 19th century
thomas stedman whitwell, idealentwurf fuer robert
owens new harmony (ideal design for robert
owens new hamony), ca. 1824 neuer berliner
kunstverein und autoren eds. stadt und utopie.
modelle idealer gemeinschaften (city and utopia.
models for ideal communities). berlin froelich
kaufmann, 1982
52
utopia in the 19th century
frederic martens, vue du pont neuf et du vert
galant paris, france, 1863 dethier, jean, and
alain guiheux. la ville, art et architecture en
europe, 1870 1993. paris centre pompidou,
1994.
53
utopia in the 19th century
gustave dore, over london by rail, 1872 dethier,
jean, and alain guiheux. la ville, art et
architecture en europe, 1870 1993. paris
centre pompidou, 1994.
54
utopia in the 19th century
ebenezer howard, die drei magneten, diagramm zur
gartenstadt (the three magnets, garden city
diagram, 1898 neuer berliner kunstverein und
autoren eds. stadt und utopie. modelle idealer
gemeinschaften (city and utopia. models for ideal
communities). berlin froelich kaufmann, 1982
55
utopia in the 19th century
diagram of social cities from ebenezer
howards to-morrow a peaceful path to social
reform first published in 1898, and renamed in
later editions garden cities of to-morrow.
56
utopia in the 19th century
anonymous, chantier du metropolitain place
saint-michel, paris, france, 1907 dethier, jean,
and alain guiheux. la ville, art et architecture
en europe, 1870 1993. paris centre pompidou,
1994.
57
references on utopia
u t o p i a l i n k s http//utopia.nypl.org/lin
ks.html u t o p i a b y t h o m a s m o r
e http//www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/thomasmore-ut
opia.html s u g g e s t e d r e a d i n g
s duby, georges. the age of cathedrals art and
society, 980-1420. chicago university of
chicago press, 1981 hollister, c. warren, and
judith bennett. medieval europe a short
history. columbus mcgraw-hill, 2005 huizinga,
johan. the autumn of the middle ages.
translated by ulrich mammitzsch and rodney j.
payton. chicago university of chicago press,
1996 le goff, jacques. medieval civilizations
400-1500 ad. oxford blackwell publishers,
1990 tierney, brian, and sidney painter. western
europe in the middle ages 300-1475. columbus
mcgraw-hill, 1998
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