Information Technology in Business: Telecommunications, Networks and Internet Basics - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Information Technology in Business: Telecommunications, Networks and Internet Basics

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Recognize why successful managers must be familiar with telecommunications ... Narrow band. Broadband. MIS 221. 14. Channels and Media. Media ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Information Technology in Business: Telecommunications, Networks and Internet Basics


1
Information Technology in Business
Telecommunications, Networks and Internet Basics
2
Learning Objectives
  • When you finish this chapter, you will
  • Recognize why successful managers must be
    familiar with telecommunications concepts and
    terminology.
  • Know the principles of communication within a
    computer system and among computers.
  • Be able to identify the major media and devices
    that are used in telecommunications.

3
Learning Objectives
  • Be able to list and explain the functions of
    different network layouts and the concept of
    protocols.
  • Understand how telecommunications can improve
    operations in organizations.
  • Know the latest developments in
    telecommunications media and transmission speeds.
  • Understand the historical development of the
    Internet
  • Understand the main structural components of the
    Internet
  • Understand how HTML, HTTP, browsers and servers
    work together to form the WWW

4
Telecommunications in Business
  • Telecommunications
  • Any form of long distance communication,
    including telephone, television and radio
  • Telecommunications has improved business in three
    main ways
  • Better communication
  • Higher efficiency
  • Better distribution of data

5
What is Data Communications?
  • Data Communications
  • Any transfer of data within a computer, between a
    computer and another device, or between two
    computers
  • Integration
  • Business are increasingly integrated in their use
    of computers, telephony, video and data networks

6
What is a Telecommunications System?
  • Compatible hardware and software used to
    communicate information from one place to another
  • Will include voice, text, graphics, documents and
    video

7
A Generalized Telecommunications System
  • Hardware (Host computer, front end communication
    processor, modem, multiplexor)
  • Communications media (Cable or wireless)
  • Communications software
  • Data communications providers
  • Communications protocols
  • Communications applications (EDI,
    videoconferencing, EFT, etc.)

8
Electronic Signals
  • Analog
  • Information imbedded in the changing
    characteristics of the wave
  • Amplitude or frequency based
  • Digital
  • Information imbedded as 1 or 0, on or off

9
Modulation
10
Modulation
  • Amplitude Modulation (AM)
  • Frequency Modulation (FM)
  • Phase Modulation

11
Multiplexing
12
Communications Devices
  • Modems
  • Devices that modulate and demodulate signals,
    converting from analog to digital and digital to
    analog
  • Multiplexers
  • Devices that allow several telephones or
    computers to transmit data through a single line
  • Frequency-division multiplexing
  • Time-division multiplexing
  • Front End Processors

13
Channels and Media
  • Communication Channel
  • Physical medium through which data can be
    communicated.
  • Channel Capacity
  • Narrow band
  • Broadband

14
Channels and Media
  • Media
  • A medium is any means by which data can be
    transmitted.
  • Transmission speed
  • A mediums capacity is determined by the range of
    bits per second at which it can operate.
  • Baud
  • Repeater

15
Channels and Media
  • Twisted Pair
  • Telephone line made of a pair of copper wires
    twisted to reduce electromagnetic interference
    (EMI)
  • Coaxial Cable
  • Commonly used for cable television transmission
  • More expensive than twisted pair
  • Greater transmission rate than twisted pair
  • Much less susceptible to EMI

16
Channels and Media
  • Microwaves
  • High-frequency, short radio-frequency (RF) waves
  • Terrestrial microwave
  • Satellite microwave
  • Optical Fiber
  • Fiber-optic technology uses light instead of
    electricity to transmit data.
  • Cellular and Wireless
  • Radio frequency technologies
  • Fixed or mobile

17
Channels and Media
18
Channels and Media
19
Channels and Media
20
A Variety of Services
Figure 6.15 Services offered by
telecommunications firms
21
What is Data Communications?
22
Communication Direction
  • Three Modes of Communication Between Devices
  • Simplex
  • One direction only
  • Half-Duplex
  • Both directions, but only one at a time
  • Full-Duplex
  • Simultaneous in both directions

23
Communication Direction
24
Communication Direction
  • Asynchronous Communication
  • In asynchronous transmission, the devices are not
    synchronized by any timing aids.
  • Advantage
  • Does not need sophisticated and expensive timing
    hardware
  • Disadvantage
  • Overhead, time spent transmitting bits that are
    not a part of the primary data

25
Communication Modes
26
Communication Modes
  • Synchronous Communication
  • In synchronous communication, data are
    transmitted using timing devices.
  • Messages are transmitted in packets.
  • Advantage of synchronous communication
  • Overhead in synchronous communication is
    significantly smaller than in asynchronous
    communication.

27
Communication Modes
28
Protocols
  • Definition
  • Rules and procedures governing transmission
    across a network
  • Line access
  • Collision avoidance
  • TCP/IP
  • Standard protocol of the Internet and intranets
  • Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
  • Designed for sending large files across
    unreliable networks
  • Utilizes packets of information

29
OSI Standard
  • Seven Layer Model
  • Governs peer-to-peer communication between
    software at each layer
  • From physical layer (how bits are transmitted
    over a channel)
  • To application layer (file transfer, security,
    etc)

30
Open Systems Interconnect Model
31
Networks
  • LANs (Local Area Networks)
  • Networks within a building, or within a group of
    adjacent buildings
  • WANs (Wide Area Networks)
  • Networks across significant distances, either
    within a single organization or spanning multiple
    organizations
  • Value-added networks (VANs)
  • Wireless communication

32
Network Topology
33
Networks Devices
  • Bridge
  • Connects two networks at the data link layer
  • Router
  • Connects two networks at network layer
  • Provides intelligent routing, some network
    management functions and security
  • Gateways
  • Connect networks using different protocols
  • Switches
  • Incorporate features of bridges and gateways

34
Other Standards (or lack thereof)
  • Operating Systems
  • No standard exists
  • Graphical User Interface
  • X Windows
  • Software Applications
  • No standard for programming language, DBMS, etc.

35
Client/Server Computing
  • Enabled by proliferation of powerful desktop
    computers and decentralized servers
  • Principle
  • Processing functions divided between to separate,
    distinct computers
  • One requests services of a server (the client)
  • One delivers a service upon request (the server)

36
Example of Client/Server Computing
  • Email
  • Email client (Outlook) sends request to POP
    server for messages
  • POP Server receives and validates request to
    download email
  • Client processes data received (formats,
    displays, stores messages)

37
Example of Client/Server Computing
  • Database Transaction
  • Client program running on PC sends query to DBMS
    running on central server
  • DBMS on server parses and executes the query
  • DBMS assembles resulting data (or status result)
    and sends it to client
  • Client receives data and processes it (displays
    it, sends message to user, etc)

38
Benefits of Client/Server Computing
  • Potential to reduce cost
  • By offloading computing cycles to cheaper and
    underutilized desktop PC
  • Improved performance
  • Has enabled high-performing graphical user
    interfaces
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