William Stallings Data and Computer Communications 7th Edition

1
William StallingsData and Computer
Communications7th Edition

• Chapter 4
• Transmission Media

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Overview

• Guided media provide a physical path (wire)
• Unguided employ an antenna for transmission
  (wireless)
• Characteristics and quality determined by medium
  and signal
• For guided, the medium is more important in
  determining the limitations on transmission.
• For unguided, the bandwidth produced by the
  antenna is more important
• Key concerns are data rate and distance
• The greater the data rate and distance the better.

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Design Factors

• Bandwidth
• Higher bandwidth gives higher data rate
• Transmission impairments
• Attenuation, limit the distance.
• Interference
• From competing signals in overlapping frequency
  bands.
• Particular concern for unguided media. Also a
  problem with guided media.
• Number of receivers
• In guided media, a shared link with multiple
  attachments.
• Each attachment introduce some attenuation

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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Guided Transmission Media

• Twisted Pair
• Coaxial cable
• Optical fiber

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Transmission Characteristics of Guided Media
 
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Twisted Pair physical description

• A wire pair acts as a single communication link.
• A number of these pairs are bundled to gather
  into a cable by wrapping them in a tough
  protective sheath.
• On long-distance links, the twist length
  typically varies from 5 to 15 cm.
• The wires in a pair have thickness of from 0.4 to
  0.9 mm.

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Twisted Pair - Applications

• The most common medium for analog and digital
  signals is twisted pair.
• Telephone network
• Between house and local exchange (subscriber
  loop, also called local loop)
• Within an office building
• To the in-house private branch exchange (PBX)
• For connections to a digital data switch or
  digital private branch exchange within a
  building.
• A data rate of 64 kbps is common.
• For local area networks (LAN)
• 10Mbps or 100Mbps now support up to 1 Gbps.

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Twisted Pair Adv. and Disadv.

• Much less expensive than the other commonly used
  guided transmission media.
• Easy to work with (install and debug)
• Low data rate comparing with other guided
  transmission medium.
• Short range

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Twisted Pair - Transmission Characteristics

• Shielding and twisting reduce interference.
• May be used for analog and digital transmission.
• Analog amplifiers every 5km to 6km
• Digital
• Use either analog or digital signals
• Repeater every 2km or 3km
• Twisted pair is limited in distance, bandwidth
  (1MHz) and data rate (100Mbps).
• Susceptible to interference and noise
• Easy coupling with electromagnetic fields.
• Impulse noise also intrudes into twisted pair.

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Near End Crosstalk

• Coupling of signal from one pair to another
• Coupling takes place when transmit signal
  entering the link couples back to receiving pair
• i.e. near transmitted signal is picked up by near
  receiving pair

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Unshielded and Shielded TP

• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
• Ordinary telephone wire
• The least expensive of all the transmission
  media.
• Easiest to install
• Suffers from external electromagnetic
  interference
• Provides low data rate.
• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
• Metal braid or sheathing that reduces
  interference
• More expensive
• Harder to handle (thick, heavy)
• Support higher data rate.

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UTP Categories

• Cat 3
• Up to 16MHz
• Voice grade found in most offices
• Twist length of 7.5 cm to 10 cm
• Cat 4
• up to 20 MHz
• Cat 5
• Up to 100MHz
• Commonly pre-installed in new office buildings
• Twist length 0.6 cm to 0.85 cm
• More expensive but provides much better
  performance than Cat 3.
• Cat 5E (Enhanced), Cat 6 and Cat 7. see the table.

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Comparison of Shielded and Unshielded Twisted Pair
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Twisted Pair Categories and Classes
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Coaxial Cable
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Coaxial Cable Applications

• Like twisted pair, coaxial cable consists of two
  conductors.
• Most versatile medium
• Television distribution
• Ariel to TV
• Cable TV
• Long distance telephone transmission
• Can carry 10,000 voice calls simultaneously
• Being replaced by fiber optic
• Short distance computer systems links
• Local area networks

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Coaxial Cable - Transmission Characteristics

• Analog
• Amplifiers every few km
• Closer if higher frequency
• Up to 500MHz
• Digital
• Repeater every 1km
• Closer for higher data rates

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Optical Fiber
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Optical Fiber - Benefits

• Greater capacity
• Data rates of hundreds of Gbps over tens of
  kilometers.
• Smaller size weight thinner than coaxial cable
  or bundled twisted-pair cable.
• Lower attenuation and is constant over a wide
  range.
• Electromagnetic isolation optical fiber are not
  affected by external electromagnetic field. Thus,
  no interference, impulse noise, or crosstalk.
• Fibers do not radiate energy.
• High degree of security from eavesdropping.
• Greater repeater spacing
• 10s of km at least

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Optical Fiber - Applications

• Long-haul trunks
• Metropolitan trunks
• Rural exchange trunks
• Subscriber loops
• LANs

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Optical Fiber - Transmission Characteristics

• Total internal reflection of the signal.
• Act as wave guide for 1014 to 1015 Hz
• Portions of infrared and visible spectrum
• Light Emitting Diode (LED)
• Cheaper
• Wider operating temp range
• Last longer
• Injection Laser Diode (ILD)
• More efficient
• Greater data rate
• Wavelength Division Multiplexing

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Transmission Characteristics

• Step-Index multimode
• Variety of angles will reflect.
• Different path lengths and times to traverse the
  fiber.
• Single-mode
• Single transmission path.
• Used for long distance applications.
• Graded-index multimode
• Varying index of reflection of the core.
• Used for short distance applications, LANs

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Optical Fiber Transmission Modes
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Frequency Utilization for Fiber Applications
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Attenuation in Guided Media
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Wireless Transmission Frequencies

• 2GHz to 40GHz
• Microwave
• Highly directional
• Point to point
• Satellite
• 30MHz to 1GHz
• Omnidirectional
• Broadcast radio
• 3 x 1011 to 2 x 1014
• Infrared
• Local

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Antennas

• Electrical conductor (or system of..) used to
  radiate electromagnetic energy or collect
  electromagnetic energy
• Transmission
• Radio frequency energy from transmitter
• Converted to electromagnetic energy
• By antenna
• Radiated into surrounding environment
• Reception
• Electromagnetic energy impinging on antenna
• Converted to radio frequency electrical energy
• Fed to receiver
• Same antenna often used for both