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Ergonomics 6PS025

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Demonstrate an understanding of ergonomics methods and design for human use. ... Special populations cashpoint use for those with cognitive disability. The Task ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Ergonomics 6PS025


1
Ergonomics 6PS025
  • Module Leader Miles Richardson

2
Submission
  • To Turnitin www.submit.ac.uk
  • One file only
  • Filename is student number
  • Class id 6454
  • Password ergonomics
  • Not on campus to B-Block

3
Coursework Workshop
  • Learning Outcomes
  • Demonstrate an understanding of ergonomics
    methods and design for human use.
  • Position task performance in a psychological
    context and critically evaluate the main
    psychological factors and their possible
    inter-relations.

4
Ticket Machine 1000 words - 25
  • Perform a Hierarchical Task Analysis of the car
    park Ticket Machine. Using the HTA as a
    framework, identify pertinent psychological
    issues related to using the ticket machine.
  • Using the usability heuristics in the learning
    materials conduct a usability analysis of the
    Ticket Machine.
  • Consider the usability analysis, psychological
    issues and the HTA and sketch out an improved
    ticket machine design.
  • Consider the methods you would use to evaluate
    your ticket machine design if it was actually
    destined for public use.
  • Produce a short report that contains your HTA,
    lists the psychological issues and usability
    problems identified and presents an improved
    ticket machine design with brief justification.

5
Usability Analysis
  • Expert Appraisal Cognitive Walkthrough
  • Refer to TA as framework
  • Checklist of usability issues (heuristics) from
    lectures.
  • Predict difficulties based upon your expert
    knowledge.
  • E.g. Enter Registration Operation.

6
Heuristics - lots!
  • Use usability heuristics presented Consistency,
    Compatibility, User Resources, Feedback, Errors,
    User Control, Visual Clarity, Prioritize,
    Appropriate use of technology, Explicitness
  • And before affordances, causality, visible
    constraints, feedback, visibility, mapping,
    transfer effects, population stereotypes,
    conceptual models, Use both knowledge in the
    world head, bridge the gulfs of execution and
    evaluation
  • Your knowledge of human behaviour and abilities,
    information processing etc.
  • Report the most pertinent, those that explain
    problems

7
Improved Design
  • Consider the usability analysis, psychological
    issues and the HTA and sketch out an improved
    ticket machine design.
  • Covered layout design...!

Ticket Dispenser
slot
KEYPAD
DISPLAY
8
Report Format
  • Introduction paragraph why and what youre
    doing etc. (with refs)
  • Bullet points for HTA Operations - Entering reg.
    is not compatible with user expectationsetc.
  • Summarise main issues
  • Improved ticket machine design with brief
    justification.
  • Evaluation methods.
  • Appendices HTA, checklist, usability issues
    table

9
Module Report 2500 words - 75
  • Position the performance of a task of your
    choosing in a psychological context.
  • Critically evaluate the main psychological issues
    and their possible inter-relations.
  • Identify problem areas and propose solutions
    based on an ergonomics approach.
  • Introduce possible evaluation methodologies to
    evaluate the task further.

10
Examples
  • Examples are available on-line
  • http//ibs.derby.ac.uk/ergonomics/online/good_repo
    rt.pdf
  • http//ibs.derby.ac.uk/ergonomics/online/excellent
    _report.pdf
  • These are actual submissions and neither is
    perfect.
  • Or examples from me.

11
The Task
  • Choose a task - your choice of task will affect
    all the steps.
  • Good idea to choose task you know, can research
    that has issues to focus on.
  • Not too big or too small define areas you are
    going to cover.
  • Special populations cashpoint use for those
    with cognitive disability

12
The Task
  • Too big gt Hospital workers, radiology etc.,
    pilot, train driver need to define particular
    task.
  • More specific - airport luggage scanning,
    specific call centre task
  • Some tasks have lots of existing literature e.g.
    drug dispensing
  • Others have to relate to relevant literature
    e.g. bar work
  • Always base on some form of TA

13
More Task Ideas
  • Last year As defibrillator use by public,
    biopsy, school crossing wardens.
  • Others - Self-service checkouts, treating gunshot
    wound, turning right, hydraulic hoist, embalming
    a body, call-centre work, stopping at red light
  • Spinal injection, DJing, warehouse operatives,
    pilot at take-off, processing cheque payment,
    BBQ, string racket, riding a bike, blood
    transfusion.

14
Ideas
  • Healthcare - prescription, transfusion,
    anaesthetic, surgery
  • Lots of reading - Bogner, Misadventures in Health
    Care
  • Human Error X
  • Google Scholar Ergonomics and terrorism
  • Sport

15
Examples
  • Whittingham (2004). The Blame Machine.
  • Beaty, D. (1995). The Naked Pilot.
  • Casey, S.M. (1998). Set phasers on stun
  • Human Factors journal Ergonomics in Design
  • Summary of a lot of information covered in this
    module and linked to human error
  • http//www.parliament.uk/post/pn156.pdf

16
Problems Last Year
  • Lack of framework structure Use a basic TA
  • Task too general
  • Lack of literature widen search

17
The Users
  • Consider who does the task background, type of
    people this informs the issues.
  • General public huge range of psychological
    characteristics.
  • Special populations
  • E.g. elderly age related cognitive changes.

18
Silver Surfer p26
  • User chars. - age related cognitive changes
  • Slower task performance
  • Deterioration in attention, STM, information
    processing etc.
  • Slower but more meticulous so no increase in
    errors

19
Task Analysis - Micro
  • Specify aspects of task you are covering and give
    some background(SS,p24)
  • Analyse the task, break it up into
    steps/components
  • No need for full HTA, but you might find one
    useful.
  • A guiding framework for examination of tasks.

20
Conducting HTA
  • Collect data - observation, documentation etc.
  • State overall goal
  • State subordinate operations plan.
  • Redescribe
  • Check and revise
  • See relevant lecture notes.

21
Application of HTA
  • Use HTA to identify issues and place
    task/decisions/actions in a psychological context
  • Ask questions like
  • Is information provided to support operation? Are
    there any cues?
  • Does it involve cognition - WM, LTM,
    decision-making?
  • Helps consider relevant psychological issues,
    underlying cognition, incompatibilities

22
Psychological context
  • Position the performance of the task in a
    psychological context.
  • Silver Surfer p25 26
  • P25 - Using the internet involves perceptual
    system, cognitive systems and motor systems
  • P26 Using the Internet a dynamic task
  • Requires skills and training in functions such as
    searching
  • Demands on short and long term memory

23
Evaluate psychological factors
  • Critically evaluate the main psychological
    factors and their possible inter-relations.
  • From your TA or relevant research
  • Cover factors that are most pertinent (i.e
    compatible personalities important for pilots,
    not canteen staff).
  • Silver Surfer p25 highlights issue of
    inconsistent web pages, does not preserve
    cognitive consistency.
  • Silver Surfer p26 working spatial memory
    demands

24
Cognitive aspects
  • Evaluate relevant cognitive aspects, such as
  • information-processing
  • cognitive load
  • Affordances
  • Mapping
  • transfer effects
  • conceptual models.
  • Wickens Eng. Psych. Human Perf. Holland
    Human Performance or POET

25
Example
  • Radiology information processing
  • Define task examine x-ray
  • ID psychological characteristics
  • Radiologist will look more closely at areas of
    x-ray most likely to contain an abnormality
  • This selective attention is driven by expectancy
    or knowledge
  • Top-down factors in allocation of attention
  • Inter-relationships how does shift
    work/fatigue, job design affect this?

26
Wider view of task
  • Macro Consider the environment the task takes
    place in.
  • Make a checklist of the psychosocial issues from
    lectures.

27
Psychosocial
  • Evaluate psychosocial issues, such as
  • Job design
  • Attitudes
  • Group work
  • Motivation
  • Personality

28
Tips
  • Explain issues (e.g. radiologists missing
    abnormalities) by applying psychological theory.
  • Dont let a particular psychological topic
    dominate DO NOT turn coursework into an essay
    on information processing, theory of planned
    behaviour etc.
  • Consider the above in context of the system the
    task takes place in.

29
Dont Forget Solutions
  • After identifying psychological issues need
    to....
  • propose effective solutions based on an
    ergonomics approach.
  • What is ergonomics approach?

30
Ergonomics Approach
  • Fitting Task to Human
  • To ensure knowledge of psychological
    characteristics is brought to bear on practical
    problems of people at work
  • Change task to suit psychological characteristics

31
Example Solutions
  • Silver Surfer p26
  • Consistent structures to facilitate user models
  • Memory use recognition rather than recall
  • Grouping information
  • Emphasizing important information
  • Providing titles, labels (cues)

32
Methods
  • Consider what extra information you would need to
    take this further and how you would go about
    getting it.
  • Present possible evaluation methodologies of
    people
  • qualitative (wider issues) v experimental
    (focussed issues)
  • objective v subjective.
  • Of task, observation, TA.

33
Silver Surfer
  • An example, but not THE answer.
  • Nice introduction
  • Considers who does the task
  • Gives task background
  • Places task in psychological context
  • Highlights psychological issues
  • Proposes solutions
  • BUT Doesnt cover methods and not enough detail
    of the above.

34
Main Report Summary 1
  • Must
  • Position performance of task in a psychological
    context e.g. x-ray selective attention.
  • Critically evaluate (relate to relevant
    literature) main psychological issues (why miss
    abnormalities in x-ray) inter-relations
    (cognition fatigue).

35
Main Report Summary 2
  • Must
  • Identify problem areas and propose solutions
    based on an ergonomics approach.
  • Present possible evaluation methodologies.

36
Main Report Summary 3
  • Should
  • Describe task, refer to TA and user population
  • Evaluate cognitive aspects - POET
  • Evaluate psychosocial issues
  • Discuss possible evaluation methodologies.
  • Integrate range of literature into answer

37
Marking Scheme
  • See previous 3 slides

38
Remember...
  • Well structured
  • Clearly expressed
  • Demonstrate understanding of area
  • Referencing!
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