Carbon%20Storage

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Carbon, Capture And Storage
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Capture and Storage

• Not quite this simple

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Carbon Storage

• What Can actually be deployed?

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Stabilization Concept

• We cant correct the past but maybe we can target
  some level at which CO2 reaches a constant value
• Pre-industrialized value 280 ppm
• Currently Value 388 ppm
• Highest in Last 450,000 years 310 ppm
• 2 degrees C increase 450 ppm

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Stabilization Continued

• Stabilizing atmospheric concentration is more
  physically important than limiting annual
  emission levels
• Allows one to plan for the rest of the century ?
  a ton you put in now, means a ton you cant put
  in later
• Shared planetary greenhouse gas emissions budget
• As emission space dwindles, emission permit
  prices should rise

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But

• Carbon dioxide is not the only greenhouse gas ?
  Methane is becoming important
• Current CO2 trajectory reaches 720 ppm by 2100
• Stabilizing at 550 ppm (by 2100) requires
  reducing coal usage by about a factor of 3
  relative to current trend ? CHINA CHINA CHINA

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Options for Global Energy System

• Carbon Dioxide capture and storage (CSS) may play
  a pivotal role if we plan to implement it. This
  may allow CHINA CHINA CHINA to continue what its
  doing

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CSS potential

• Plenty of theoretical storage capacity but this
  is not evenly distributed around the world
• If no access to natural storage reservoir then
  this might compel countries to build different
  infrastructure
• Baseload coal fired power plants and
  coal-to-liquids facilities are the largest
  potential market for CSS

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Geological Options for CSS

• Depleted oil and gas reservoirs
• Deep saline formations
• Deep unmineable coal seams
• Deep saline filled basalt formations
• Basic Mechanism is Direct injection
• Ocean Sequestration

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World Wide Capacity 11,000 Gigatons

• But unevenly distributed relative to load centers
  (China, Japan, Korea)
• Canada, US and Australia are good

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Required CSS Scale is Massive

• There are currently 8100 individual point source
  CO2 emitters most of these are power plants

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Emission Contributors

• Coal is a good target

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CCS Potential

• 450 ppm stabilization requires 2200 GT of storage
  or roughly 1/5 of the worlds potential ? this is
  enormous!
• Regional Ratios of Production to local storage
  show immense variation

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An Economic Chain

• Natural Gas Fired electricity produces about 1
  lbs of Carbon Dioxide per KWH generated
• Assume 5 cents per KWH for competitive price to
  consumer
• 1 Ton of CO2 is then 2000 KWH which is 100
• Current injection prices are about 60 -80 per
  ton.
• This is a therefore difficult economic model to
  make work. 2015 Goal is 10 per ton what
  economy of scale is there?

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Worse Still is Down Turn IN Carbon Market
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The Price Problem

• Current price of Carbon

Current price is about 19.50 per ton for carbon.
Thus, as of February 2010 it essentially costs
4-5 times more to put Carbon in the ground than
in the atmosphere. This is the essential
financial reality!
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Cost is not the only obstacle

• Goal Capture 100 of a large power plants
  emissions and store them for 50 years?
• Wow
• How many injector wells are needed and what is
  their spacing?
• Can same injectors be used for 50 years?
• Does the reservoir leak?

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Conclusions

• CSS has high potential and does represent a
  direct climate-change mitigation technology
• CSS economic model is not good unless significant
  fines/penalty for total country emissions are
  enacted
• The next 5-10 years are a critical window to
  build pilot projects to gain real world
  experience and assess scaled up feasibility

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Conclusions II

• Clearly the electric power sector is the prime
  target. Production of electricity and in situ
  injection could determine sites of future LNG
  facilities.
• But ? what is wisest? Investing limited resources
  in CSS or ramping up other sustainable energies
  (wind, solar, biofuel, hydrogen (from wind and
  solar)) ? this is a very tough call to make right
  now