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Chapter Ten

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been a driving force behind our quest to create ... the 19th century, Charles Babbage develops mechanical machines that anticipate ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Chapter Ten


1
Chapter Ten
  • Artificial Intelligence I Definitional
    Perspective

2
Historical Perspective
  • Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been a driving
    force behind our quest to create a machine in our
    own image.
  • Automata begin to appear for general public
    consumption during the late 19th century.
  • The advent of electronic computation has led to
    an information revolution in the 21st century
    characterized by machines that supply expert
    advice, control the environment, and emulate
    human thinking.

3
Philosophical Issues-Man as a Machine
  • Descartes (1596-1650) raises the mind-body
    question. In particular, What is the difference
    between a person and a machine? Treatise on
    Man includes a comparison between a human being
    and a hypothetical statue or machine that
    operates like a clock or hydraulic fountain.
    Descartes proposes that humans possess a
    rational soul whereas animals are not capable
    of reasoning (I think, therefore I am.)
  • Humans have had difficulty accepting two
    important theories the earth is not the center
    of the universe and evolution. Is there a third
    theory that we need to acceptman is a complex
    machine?

4
Evaluating Descartes Approach
  • Debate over Descartes is religious in nature. The
    atheist philosophers of the 18th century took
    issue with the idea that a soul separates us
    from the machine-like model for other animals.
  • Descartes' ideas came into direct conflict with
    the teachings of the religious community of his
    time.
  • Descartes tries to avoid the conflict his
    machine is not a man, simply a statue that
    God forms with the explicit intention of making
    it as much as possible like us.

5
Mechanical Computation
  • One aspect of an intelligent agent rests on its
    ability to perform calculations
  • Mechanical calculators represent automata capable
    of imitating human intelligence on a
    primitive level.
  • The abacus is developed in 2600 B.C.
  • In the 19th century, Charles Babbage develops
    mechanical machines that anticipate the modern
    electronic digital computer. They are a
    forerunner of an ultimate intelligent agent.

6
Defining AI
  • There may not be a single definition.
    Alternatives serve to support the authors'
    special interests.
  • The cognitive scientific goal of AI is to codify
    knowledge (and meta-knowledge or knowledge about
    knowledge itself) in order to assemble systems
    to explain intelligence and consciousness itself.
  • The engineering goal of AI is to assemble systems
    using a computers inventory of knowledge and
    facilities in order to solve real-world problems.

7
Can a Machine Think and Understand?
  • This question may be pointless. Noam Chomsky
    suggests it is a question of decision, not fact.
    We must agree on what defines intelligence,
    thinking, understanding (and ultimately
    consciousness).
  • If a computer passes an intelligence test,
    would we impart intelligence to it? McCarthy and
    Shannon note that we could stack the
    deckdesign a program with preprogrammed
    responses.
  • Minsky Intelligence is our name for whichever
    problem-solving mental processes we do not yet
    understand.

8
The Turing Test
If an interrogator cannot distinguish between
machine intelligence and human intelligence then
the machine passes the Turing Test (TT) for
intelligence.
9
Objections to the TT
  • Theological Thinking is a function of mans
    God-given immortal soul. No animal or machine can
    think.
  • Head-in-the-sand argument Consequences of
    thinking machines are too dreadful to
    contemplate.
  • Mathematical Some theorems can neither be
    proved nor disproved.
  • Consciousness No machine can write a sonnet.
  • Disabilities Machines can follow instructions
    but you cannot instruct them to have a sense of
    humor.
  • Lady Lovelace argument A machine can never do
    anything really new.
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