Chapter 2: Matter and Energy

1

• Chapter 2 Matter and Energy

2
DEFINE

• Matter
• Stuff of which all materials are made anything
  that has mass and takes up space
• Chemistry
• The study of matter and the changes it undergoes
• Mass
• A measure of the quantity of matter
• Weight
• A measure of the force of attraction of the earth
  for an object

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DEFINE (cont.)

• Energy
• The capacity for doing work
• Work
• Force acting through a distance

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Name and describe four states of matter

• Solid
• A state of matter in which the substance
  maintains its shape and volume. Particles are
  rigidly packed in a 3-dimensional pattern.
• Liquid
• A state of matter in which the substance assumes
  the shape of its container, flows readily, and
  maintains a fairly constant volume. Particles
  are touching each other, but are free to roll
  around.

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Name and Describe Four States of Matter

• Gas
• The state of matter in which the substance
  maintains neither shape nor volume. Particles
  are not touching, and they bounce around,
  colliding with other particles and the walls of
  the container.
• Plasma
• A state of matter similar to a gas but composed
  of isolated electrons and nuclei rather than
  discrete whole atoms or molecules

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Insert figure 2.4
States of Matter
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Properties of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
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Properties of Solids, Liquids, and Gases
(continued)
Submicroscopic Properties of Particles
State Compressibility
Solid Liquid Gas
Negligible Very Little High
Touching and packed Touching and mobile Far apart
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Changes of State

freezing
condensing
Solid
Liquid
Gas (vapor)
melting
boiling
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Terms Related to States of Matter

• Steam or water vapor
• Water in the gaseous state
• Viscosity
• Resistance of a liquid to flow
• Miscible
• Liquids that are soluble in all proportions
• Immiscible
• Liquids that are not soluble in all proportions.
  When shaken together, they will form a cloudy
  mixture or separate

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Terms (Continued)

• Diffuse
• The ability of a gas to mix with other gases as
  it fills the available space.

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Elements and Compounds

• Pure Substances
• A single chemical composed of the same type of
  matter.
• Same kind of particles throughout.
• Elements and compounds.
• Elements
• Fundamental Substances
• Compounds
• Made of two or more kinds of elements combined
  in fixed proportion.

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Elements

• Made of a single type of atom.
• An atom is the smallest particle that retains the
  the properties of the element
• All atoms of the element copper are copper
  atoms.
• Atoms can not be broken into smaller atoms.
• A list of all the known elements is in the
  periodic table.

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Periodic Table of the Elements
Insert periodic table here
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Compounds

• Composed of elements in definite proportion.
• Law of Definite Proportion or Definite
  Composition.
• Formula indicates ratio in which elements are
  combined.
• Ammonia, NH3 One atom of nitrogen combined with
  three atoms of hydrogen.

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Compounds

• Properties of compounds are very different from
  the elements from which they are made.
• Water, H2O, a liquid is made from two atoms of
  hydrogen (a gas) and one atom of oxygen (a gas).
  It is composed of 11 hydrogen and 89 oxygen.
• Salt, sodium chloride, NaCl, a crystalline solid
  is composed of 39.3 sodium (a reactive
  metallic solid) and 60.7 chlorine (a poisonous
  gas).

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Mixtures

• Composed of two or more pure substances (elements
  or compounds).
• No fixed composition
• Examples
• Orange juice
• Milk
• Sugar dissolved in water

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Mixtures

• Homogeneous
• Uniform composition and appearance throughout
• Solution (clear)
• Alloys
• Not uniform throughout
• Different phases
• May be cloudy (suspension)
• For example, oil and water

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Classification of Matter
Insert figure 2.9
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Properties of Substances

• Characteristic Properties may be used to identify
  or characterize a substance and distinguish that
  substance from other substances.
• Types of properties
• Physical
• Chemical

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Properties of Matter

• Physical - A characteristic shown by a substance
  itself, without interacting with or changing into
  other substances.
• Chemical - A characteristic of a substance
  appears as it interacts with, or transforms into,
  other substances.

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Physical Properties

• Color
• Odor
• Density
• Melting Point
• Boiling Point

• Malleability
• Viscosity
• Hardness
• Metallic Luster
• Ductility

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Chemical Properties

• Does it burn in air?
• Does it decompose when heated?
• Does it react with another substance?
• Oxygen
• Acid
• A metal
• In what ways is it changed by other substances?

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Intensive Properties

• Do not depend on the amount of substance.
• Melting point
• Boiling point
• Color
• Flammability
• Reactivity
• Conductivity
• Physical State (solid, liquid, gas)

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Extensive Properties

• Depend on the amount of material present
• Mass
• Volume
• Length
• Moles
• Weight
• Total amount of heat given off in combustion

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Changes in Matter

• Physical- No change in the composition of the
  substance
• Melting
• Boiling
• Cutting
• Chemical- Change in composition of substance. A
  different substance is made.
• Combustion
• Corrosion

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Law of Conservation of Mass

• Lavoisier
• Matter can neither be created nor destroyed
  during a chemical change.

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Energy

• Energy-The capacity for doing work.
• Work-Mass moving through a distance.
• Types of Energy
• Kinetic (KE) Energy of motion
• KE ½mv2 mmass, v velocity
• Potential (PE) stored energy

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Energy Terms

• exothermic gives off heat
• endothermic- absorbs heat
• exergonic releases energy other than heat
• endergonic absorbs energy other than heat

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Law of Conservation of Energy

• (First Law of Thermodynamics)
• Energy is neither created nor destroyed during
  chemical processes.
• Energy can be converted between forms
• Kinetic to potential potential to kinetic work
  to heat, etc.

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Law of Conservation of Mass/Energy

• Mass can be converted to energy and energy to
  mass
• Einsteins Equation
• E mc2
• E is energy, m is mass, c is speed of light
• Mass is converted to energy in nuclear reactions
  such as fission and fusion.
• The sum total of matter and energy in the
  universe is constant.