Security Sector Governance and European Integration

1
Security Sector Governance and European
Integration

• Pál Dunay
• Geneva Centre for Security Policy

2
The Emergence of the Problem

• Security sector reform is typically a post-Cold
  War phenomenon.
• Militaries and their alliances used to apply a
  narrow definition of security, largely
  identifying it with defence.
• Other organisations, including economic
  integrations, had no security agenda.

3
The Emergence of the Problem (2)

• The change that has brought about the emergence
  of security sector governance entails a number of
  elements
• - The changing concept of security after the
  Cold War.
• - The growing irrelevance of traditional threats
  in the European context.
• - The emergence of a large number of
  democratising countries.

4
Internationalisation

• The emerging topic has neither been on NATOs,
  nor on EUs agenda.
• - Slow and gradual departure from the narrow
  definition of security. (Change in the function
  of the armed forces.)
• - No democratisation acquis in the EU
  (tri-pillar EU is brand new).
• ?Innovative solution to address the problem.

5
NATOs Belated Reaction (Challenges of Defence
Reform)

• Democratic civilian control of the military,
• Commitment to and respect for OSCE norms and
  principles, inc. resolution of territorial and
  ethnic disputes,
• Commitment to economic liberty and social
  justice,
• Committing adequate resources to achieve
  political and military integration with the
  Alliance.

6
The EUs Ambiguous Reaction(The Copenhagen
Criteria (1993))

• Conditional acceptance by the EU of eventual
  membership of the CEECs
• - stable institutions (guarantee of democracy,
  rule of law, human rights, minority rights),
• - functioning market economy,
• - capability to cope with competitive pressures
  inside the EU,
• - ability to adopt the acquis (accepted aims of
  political, economic and monetary union).

7
The Detour of Civilian Control

• The detour of civilian control of the military
  proved unnecessary.
• Political control was not unfamiliar to
  East-central Europe,
• From civilian control to military reform.
• Military reform as a promise,
• The unimportance of military reform in the
  accession process of 1999,
• Revision for the accession of 2004.

8
The Changing EU Agenda and Its Incorporation in
the Enlargement Process

• The new, primarily internal security agenda
  formed integral part of the EU particularly after
  1997.
• - Transparent and democratic governance, the
  democratic control of security services, respect
  for human rights.
• - Contribution to the common security effort of
  the EU (Schengen regime, police cooperation).

9
The challenge to the EU acquis

• Capacity-building in fighting illegal
  immigration, smuggling and other cross-border
  problems.
• (each new member-state has external border,
  except for the Czech Republic).
• Internal security is a continuum its various
  elements have to be addressed.
• The problem of corruption.

10
New Frontiers

• Diminution of concerns shift to the neighbours.
• Empire thinking Pacify and consolidate the
  members and then expand stability further through
  engagement. (Influence without the prospect of
  membership?)
• - Conditionality E.g. readmission agreements,
  safe third countries, etc.

11
Conclusions

• Security sector governance is traditionally a
  domestic matter.
• With integration and its anticipation the
  function of foreign affairs has changed It is
  increasingly about influencing the domestic
  political course of countries.
• Increasingly concrete requirements (e.g. SAA with
  Albania and Macedonia) have included measures to
  improve access to justice and police practices
  and official accountability before the law.

12
Conclusions (2)

• Increasingly concrete requirements. National
  strategies and reporting. (1997-2002)
• From the abstract to the measurable to the
  non-measurable.
• No anticipation of delivery in the accession
  process.
• National programmes in the new neighbourhood
  policy. (Moldova, Ukraine)