IPRO 344 Class meeting

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IPRO 344 Class meeting 3

• Technical Market Integration of
• Wind Energy
• Instructor Dr. M. Shahidehpour
• Co-Instructor Lisias V. Abreu

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Outline

• Team Minutes Weekly Update
• Project Overview
• Part 1 The Wind Resource
• Part 2 Fundamentals of Wind Power Plants
• In-class Assignments Homework

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Project Overview

• Wind power plant design
• Draw designs in AutoCAD
• Draw site in SketchUp! (Terrain contour)
• Technical Power Market Integration Assessment
• Impact on the Unit Commitment
• Impact on the Branch Congestions
• Impact on the Electricity Price
• Other impacts

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PART 1 - The Wind Resource
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The Nature of the Wind

• Wind is the roughly horizontal movement of air
  (as opposed to an air current) caused by uneven
  heating of the Earth's surface.
• Understanding the characteristics of a wind
  resource is critical to the wind energy
  exploitation
• Variability is the most striking characteristic
  since it is amplified by the cubic relationship
  to available energy

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The Nature of the Wind

• Wind Energy varies with the cube of Wind Speed
• where, P ? Power from the wind
• ?a ? Air density
• AT? Rotor area
• V ? Wind velocity

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Variability

• Spatial variability
• Latitude
• Amount of insolation
• Surface temperature
• Humidity
• Physical Geography
• Proportion of land an sea
• Size of land masses
• Presence of mountains or plains
• Top of hills have higher wind velocities than
  valleys

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Variability

• Spatial variability (cont.)
• Type of vegetation
• Reflection or absorption of solar insolation
• Vegetation may reduce significantly wind velocity
• Urban Areas
• Buildings also reduce significantly wind velocity

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Variability
Source T. Walter, Weather Climate Course
Notes, 2006 
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Variability
Source Nelson Science 10
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Variability

• Temporal variability
• Wind variations may occur in five-, ten-years
  cycles or even more
• Such long-term variations are not well understood
• Seasonal variations
• Diurnal variations
• High-frequency wind fluctuations, or Turbulence

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Variability
Source D. Hodell and R. G. Thomas., 2000
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Turbulence

• Turbulence refers to fluctuations in wind speed
  on a fast time-scale, typically less than 10 min.
• It occurs because of
• Friction with earth topographical features such
  as hills, mountains and cities.
• Thermal effects which can cause air masses to
  move vertically
• It is a complex process, but it can be
  represented by statistical methods
• The higher it is, the lesser are the effects of
  turbulence on the wind.

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Turbulence
Source Charles Darwin University, Australia 2006
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Turbulence
Source Charles Darwin University, Australia 2006
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Wind Speeds

• Wind Speed is the average rate of air motion, or
  the distance air moves in a specified unit of
  time.
• Mean wind speed is the arithmetic or graphical
  average wind speed during the period of
  observation.
• A wind gust is a sudden change in wind speed
  characterized by a variation of 10 knots between
  peak and lull.

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Wind Speeds

• Classes of Wind Power Density

Source NWTC, 1993
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Wind Speed
Source DOE, 1985
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Wind Speed
Source DOE, 1985
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Wind Speed
Source DOE, 2001
Source DOE, 1986
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PART 2 Fundamentals of Wind Power Plants
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Types of Wind Turbines
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Horizontal-axis Wind Turbines

• The axis of rotation is horizontal to the ground
• It is also parallel to the wind stream
• Most commercial wind turbines
• Low cut-in wind speed
• Easy furling (rotation control)
• Relatively high power coefficient
• Generator and gearbox need to be placed at the
  top of the tower
• Need a mechanism to orient the turbine

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Horizontal-axis Wind Turbines

• Three bladed
• Simplified design
• Most modern wind turbines are three-bladed
• Two bladed
• Saves the cost of one rotor blade and its weight
• Require higher rotational speed
• Single bladed
• Saves the cost of two rotor blades and their
  weight
• Requires higher rotational speed
• Visual impact
• Multi bladed
• Higher starting torque
• Water pumping applications

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Single bladed wind turbines
Source Wikipedia, 2006
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Two bladed wind turbines
Source Wikipedia, 2006
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Three bladed wind turbines
Source Wikipedia, 2006
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Multi-bladed wind turbines
Source Wikipedia, 2006
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Vertical-axis Wind Turbines

• The axis of rotation is vertical to the ground
• Almost perpendicular to the wind direction
• Can receive wind from any direction
• No need of orientation mechanism
• Generator and Gearbox can be housed at the ground
  level
• Usually not self-starting
• Blades have to pass through aerodynamically dead
  zones lowering efficiency
• May require guy wires to support structure

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Vertical-axis Wind Turbines

• Darrieous rotor
• Works due lift force from a set of airfoils
• Blades are shaped like egg beaters
• Savonius Rotor
• Two half cylindrical blades arranged in S shape
• Very simple construction
• Musgrove rotor
• H shaped blades
• Classifies as lift and drag machines

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Darrieus wind turbine
Source Wikipedia, 2006
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Savonius wind turbine
Source Pcon Windkraft, 2006
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Musgrove wind turbine
Source Wikipedia, 2006
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Wind Project Types

• Small-scale
• Can be stand alone or grid-connected
• Residential, small farm, or small business-sized
  turbines (Usually 100 kW or smaller)
• Majority of the electricity is used on site
• In many states, small wind turbines are eligible
  for net metering programs.
• Small Distributed Wind Projects
• Single or small clusters of utility-scale wind
  turbines
• Owned and operated by individual farmers,
  farmer-owned business entities, local investors,
  or large energy consumers to offset their own
  consumption.
• These projects typically interconnect to existing
  local power distribution lines.

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Wind Project Types

• Community Wind Energy
• Various shapes and sizes
• Have some level of local or public involvement,
  equity, initiation, and control
• Examples
• School-owned wind turbines
• Farmer owned wind cooperatives
• Local public power wind projects. 

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Wind Project Types

• Large-Scale Wind Power Plants
• Large arrays of wind turbines
• Concentrated in one single area
• Single power purchase agreement
• Usually financed by large institutional investors
  based outside the local area.
• Often owned and operated by corporate entities,
  and land easements are signed with property
  owners.
• Require new transmission lines to the closest
  substation

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Community Wind Energy
Source Spirit Lake, Iowa. DOE, 2002
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Large-scale wind power plants
Source Kappel Wind Farm 9,6 MW, 24 turbines,
located at Lolland, Denmark Technical University
of Denmark , 2002
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In-class Assignments Homework

• Work on Project Plan
• Use Google EarthTM or NASA World WindTM to make
  site blueprints
• For next class
• Site pictures and blueprints in digital media
• Hardcopy of Project Plan for in-class review by
  the instructor
• Bring Meetings Minutes and present weekly update