"ENERGY IN EARTH PROCESSES

1
"ENERGY IN EARTH PROCESSES

• REVIEW BOOK TOPIC 5(page 70)

2
energy

• is the ability to do work.
• Everything that is done in the universe involves
  the use or transfer of energy.

3
There are two sources for Earths heat energy.

• internal
• heat from earths interior.
• remnant heat and radioactive decay.
• external
• (In/sol/ation) energy from the sun.
• this drives most Earth surface processes.

4
A) Electromagnetic Energy.

• energy that is radiated (given off) by all matter
  that is not at absolute zero.
• absolute zero 0 Kelvin or -273oC.(-459.67F)
• the higher the temperature, the greater the
  amount of energy that is given off.

5
Characteristics and Types of Electromagnetic
Energy.

• different types of electromagnetic energy are
  distinguished by their wavelength.
• wavelength - the distance from one crest of a
  wave to the next crest.

6
diagram
one wavelength
crest
crest




trough
one wavelength
trough
7
Electromagnetic SpectrumSee ESRT p. 14(p. 296 in
your review book)
Short Wave Energy
Long Wave Energy
8
electromagnetic spectrum

• a model that shows all the types of
  electromagnetic energy.
• Visible light is the only portion of the spectrum
  that we can see with our eyes.

9
There are three types of spectrum.

• continuous
• a continuous band of colors, with one color
  blending into the next.
• rainbow.

10

• 2) bright line (emission)
• dark background with a series of thin brightly
  colored lines.
• 3) dark line (absorption)
• a continuous spectrum with thin black lines.

hydrogen
11
(No Transcript)
12
Interactions between Electromagnetic Energy and
an Environment.

• When electromagnetic waves strike an object they
  may be.

13

• refracted
• bent.
• reflected
• bounced off.
• scattered
• refracted and/or reflected in various
  directions.
• transmitted
• passed through the material.
• absorbed
• taken into the material.

14
Surface Properties and Absorption.

• characteristics of the surface of a material will
  determine the amount of electromagnetic energy
  that can be absorbed.

15
Characteristics.

• Color
• dark color absorbs well.
• light color absorbs poorly.
• Texture
• rough surface absorbs well.
• smooth surface absorbs poorly.

16
A material that absorbs electromagnetic energy
well (heats up quickly)

• will also
• radiate (give off) energy well (cools off
  quickly).

17
Turn to page 72 of your review book and
answerReview Questions 1 - 12.
18
5-2) Transfer of Energy p.72

• Energy moves from a
• region of high concentration
• (a source)
• to a
• region of low concentration
• (a sink).

SOURCE
SINK
(high)
(low)
19

• heat energy
• energy that is transferred from a region of high
  temperature to a region of lower temperature.

20
Achieving Dynamic Equilibrium

• Heat will move from a ..
• source to a sink until their energies are equal.
• Dynamic Equilibrium is achieved when
• the amount of energy being gained is equal to the
  amount of energy being lost.

21
3 Methods of Energy Transfer
22
1 - CONDUCTION

• Heat energy is transferred from
• atom to atom, when vibrating atoms collide.
• Conduction is most effective in solids.
• diagram

23
HOT
24
2 - CONVECTION

• caused by differences in density.
• warmer portions have a lower density and rise.
• cooler portions have a greater density and sink.
• only occurs in fluids liquids and gases.
• convection currents occur in
• atmosphere, the hydrosphere, below the
  lithosphere.
• Diagram

25
(No Transcript)
26
3 - RADIATION.

• caused by electromagnetic waves.
• no medium is needed to transfer electromagnetic
  waves.
• examples sunlight warming the earth or heating
  the inside of a car.
• diagram

27
(No Transcript)
28
Turn to page 74 of yourreview book and answer
Review Questions 13 - 24.
29
5-3) Transformation of Energy (p.75)

• changing one type of energy into another.

30
Examples

• friction
• kinetic energy is transformed into heat energy.
• glacier flowing down a valley.
• waves
• Wind blowing on the ocean.
• energy from atmosphere to hydrosphere.

31
Transformations of Mechanical Energy

• mechanical energy
• potential kinetic energy.
• the energy of an object that is not related to
  the motion of atoms.

32
kinetic energy -

• energy of motion.
• the faster an object moves, the greater its
  kinetic energy.

33
potential energy -

• energy of position, or phase. (stored energy)
• the higher an object is above the center of the
  earth, the greater its potential energy.

34
Example

• Water at the top of a waterfall has potential
  energy.
• as the water falls, some of its potential energy
  becomes kinetic energy.
• diagram

35
Hydroelectric
36
Transformation of Electromagnetic Energy

• Electromagnetic energy absorbed by an object is
  reradiated at a longer wavelength.
• high temp. emits short wavelength.
• lower temp emits longer wavelength.

37
Earth example

• short wavelength radiation from the sun
  (insolation) is absorbed and
• .reradiated as longer wavelength radiation
  (infrared) from the earth.
• diagram

38
Temperature and Heat
39
temperature

• is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the
  particles of a body of matter.
• The instrument that is used to measure
  temperature is a .
• thermometer

40
There are three different temperature scales

• Fahrenheit
• Celsius
• Kelvin
• use ESRT to convert

41
(No Transcript)
42
Heat and Thermal Energy
43
Heat energy is measured in a unit called a

• calorie
• the amount of heat needed to raise the
  temperature of one gram of liquid water by one
  degree Celsius.
• Different materials heat up at different rates.

44
Specific Heat

• the amount of heat needed to raise the
  temperature of one gram of any substance one
  degree Celsius.
• orspecific heat can be defined as
• the resistance a material presents to heating up
  or cooling off.

45
see Earth Science Reference Tables.
Liquid water has the highest specific heat of
naturally occurring substances.
1 cal raises temp 1oC
1 cal raises temp 5oC
46
Review Book p. 77 Review Questions 25-29
47
Heat Energy and Changes of State
48
Changes of State (phase)
HEAT IS RELEASED
precipitation
solidification
condensation
80 cal/g
540 cal/g
solid
liquid
gas
vaporization
melting
sublimation
HEAT IS ABSORBED
49
Stored Heat and Changes of States

• During a change of state,
• heat added does not change the temperature.
• The added heat energy is
• being converted to a kind of potential energy, or
  stored heat.

50
Draw and label diagram
Heating of Water
gas
evaporation
100oC
condensation
temperature
liquid
melting
0oC
freezing
solid
-100oC
time
51
Earth's Energy Supply
52
1 - Solar Energy

• Of all the types of electromagnetic radiation
  from the sun, the one with the greatest intensity
  is
• visible light.
• Solar energy is produced by
• nuclear fusion.

53
2 - Earth's own Energy

• 1 - heat that remains from when the Earth
  formed.
• 2 - most comes from nuclear decay of radioactive
  materials.

54
Review Questions page 79, 30-44
55
QUESTIONS FOR REGENTS PRACTICEpage 81, 1-20