Chapter 11 Emotional Development and the Establishment of Intimate Relationships - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1 / 24
About This Presentation
Title:

Chapter 11 Emotional Development and the Establishment of Intimate Relationships

Description:

At birth: Interest, distress, disgust, contentment ... 2 years: Secondary emotions (embarrassment, ... Attachment history is not destiny. The Unattached Infant ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:132
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 25
Provided by: joshb191
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Chapter 11 Emotional Development and the Establishment of Intimate Relationships


1
Chapter 11 Emotional Development and the
Establishment of Intimate Relationships
2
Displaying Emotions The Development (and
Control) of Emotional Expressions
  • Sequencing of discrete emotions
  • At birth Interest, distress, disgust,
    contentment
  • 2.5 to 7 months Primary emotions (anger,
    sadness, joy, surprise, fear)
  • 2 years Secondary emotions (embarrassment,
    shame, guilt, envy, pride)
  • Socialization of emotions and emotional
    self-regulation
  • Regulating emotions begins around 6 months of age
    and becomes increasingly complex.
  • Acquiring emotional display rules comes earlier
    in communal peoples such as the Japanese.

3
Displaying Emotions The Development (and
Control) of Emotional Expressions
4
Recognizing and Interpreting Emotions
  • Social referencing becomes obvious from 7 to 10
    months of age.
  • Conversations about emotions begin around 18 to
    24 months of age.
  • Family conversations centering on emotional
    experiences can help toddlers achieve better
    understanding of feelings.
  • By age 4 or 5, children can correctly infer
    whether a person is happy, angry, or sad.

5
Temperament and Development
  • Five attributes Activity level, irritability,
    soothability, fearfulness, sociability
  • Hereditary influences
  • Heritability coefficients are moderate, at best.
  • Components are genetically influenced.
  • Environmental influences on temperament
  • Home environment of siblings clearly influences
    positively toned aspects of temperament.
  • Nonshared environmental influences contribute to
    negatively toned attributes.
  • Activity level, irritability, sociability, and
    shyness are stable temperament components.

6
New York Longitudinal Study
  • NYLS suggests the existence of three temperament
    types
  • Easy baby Has regular patterns of eating,
    sleeping, and toileting. This type adapts to new
    situations and shows low intensity reactions (40
    of babies show this pattern)
  • Difficult baby Has less predictable schedules,
    withdraws from new situations, and reacts
    intensely to stimuli (10of infants)
  • Slow to warm up baby Adapts poorly to changing
    situations, is less active (15 of infants show
    this pattern)

7
Face to Face Interactions
  • Mothers and infants engage in face to face
    interactions
  • Mother and child develop an interactional
    synchrony in which the mother learns to
    concentrate her interactions when the infant is
    paying attention to her and to withhold
    interactions when the infant is in a period of
    inattention
  • Mothers and infants develop a turn-taking style
    of interaction in which the mother and infant
    take turns responding to each other

8
Temperament and Development (cont.)
  • Figure 11.3
  • Average correlations in infant temperament among
    identical twins, fraternal twins and nontwin
  • siblings born at different times. Based on
    Braungart et al., 1992 Emde et al., 1992.

9
What Are Emotional Attachments?
  • Attachments are reciprocal relationships.
  • Establishment of interactional synchrony
  • Coordinated interactions between infant and
    caregiver occur several times a day.
  • Important to establishing emotional attachments

10
The Growth of Primary Attachments
  • The asocial phase (0 to 6 weeks)
  • The phase of indiscriminate attachments (6 weeks
    to 6 or 7 months)
  • The phase of specific attachments (approximately
    7 to 9 months)
  • The phase of multiple attachments

11
Theories of Attachment
  • Psychoanalytic theory
  • Freud I love you because you feed me.
  • Erikson Overall responsiveness to child's needs
    is most important.
  • Learning theory Rewardingness leads to love.
  • Cognitive-developmental theory To love you, I
    must know you will always be there.
  • Ethological theory Perhaps I was born to love.
  • Origins of the ethological viewpoint Animal
    research with Konrad Lorenz
  • Attachment in humans does not follow imprinting,
    but perhaps human infants have inherited a number
    of attributes that help them to maintain contact
    with others and to elicit caregiving.

12
Theories of Attachment (cont.)
  • Figure 11.4
  • Infants of many species display the kewpie-doll
    effect that makes them appear lovable and
  • elicits caregivers attention. Adapted from
    Lorenz., 1943

13
Two Attachment-Related Fears of Infancy
  • Stranger anxiety
  • Separation anxiety
  • Why do infants fear strangers and separations?
  • The ethological viewpoint states that a fear or
    avoidance response has become biologically
    programmed.
  • The cognitive-developmental viewpoint states that
    infants have developed stable schemes concerning
    their caregivers.

14
Assessing Attachment
  • Ainsworth Strange Situation
  • Assesses the reactivity of the child to a
    situation involving the introduction of a
    stranger and a separation of the mother from the
    child
  • This procedure is limited in sampling time and
    restricts the mother to a limited style
  • Attachment Q set
  • Trained observers code the interactions of mother
    and child in the home setting

15
Individual Differences in Attachment Quality
  • Assessing attachment security through the strange
    situation test
  • Secure attachment (65) are distressed when their
    mother leaves, but are happy when she returns
  • Resistant attachment (15) are distressed
    throughout the procedure but particularly during
    separation
  • Avoidant attachment (20) show little distress at
    separation and avoid the mother when she returns
  • Disorganized/disoriented attachment (occasional)
  • Cultural variations in attachment classifications
    reflect cultural variations in child rearing.

16
Factors That Influence Attachment Security
  • Quality of caregiving Mothers of securely
    attached infants are sensitive, responsive
    caregivers from the beginning.
  • Who is at risk of becoming an insensitive
    caregiver?
  • Clinical depression
  • Caregivers who felt unloved, neglected, or abused
    as children
  • Caregivers whose pregnancies were unplanned and
    whose babies were unwanted
  • Ecological constraints on caregiving sensitivity
  • Health-related, legal, or financial problems
  • Unhappy marriages
  • Interventions can assist insensitive caregivers
    in becoming sensitive to their infants.
  • Infant characteristics
  • Temperament can not explain attachment security.

17
Factors That Influence Attachment Security (cont.)
18
Factors That Influence Attachment Security (cont.)
19
Factors That Influence Attachment Security (cont.)
  • Figure 11.5
  • Comparing the impact maternal and child problem
    behaviors on the incidence of insecure
  • attachments. Maternal problems were associated
    with a sharp increased in insecure
  • attachments, whereas child problems were not.
    Based on van Ijzendoorn et al., 1992.

20
Attachment and Later Development
  • Long-term correlates of secure attachments
  • Problem solving
  • Complexity and creativity in symbolic play
  • More attractive to toddlers as playmates
  • Long-term correlates of insecure attachments
  • Hostile and aggressive preschool and grade school
    children
  • Peers likely to reject
  • Social and emotional withdrawal
  • Why might attachment quality forecast later
    outcomes?
  • Attachments as working models of self and others
  • Parents working models influence attachment
    patterns formed with their infants.
  • Attachment history is not destiny.

21
The Unattached Infant
  • Effects of social deprivation in infancy and
    childhood
  • By 6 months of age, infants no longer respond to
    environment or social contact.
  • Over long term, unattached infants lag behind in
    development in every way.
  • Reactive attachment disorder is possible.
  • Why is early deprivation harmful?
  • Infants need sustained interactions with
    responsive companions in order to develop
    normally.
  • Infants need to believe that they have some
    control over the social environment.

22
The Unattached Infant (cont.)
  • Children can recover from early deprivation
    effects if placed with highly responsive,
    affectionate caregivers.
  • Recovery seems to go especially well if children
    are deprived for less than two years and have not
    been physically abused.

23
Maternal Employment, Day Care, and Early
Emotional Development
  • Quality of alternative care is very important in
    development of secure attachments.
  • Parenting and parents' attitudes about work may
    be as important to the child's social and
    emotional well-being as mother's actual
    employment status.
  • Even when children receive less-than-optimal
    alternative care, outcomes depend greatly on the
    parenting they receive.

24
Maternal Employment, Day Care, and Early
Emotional Development
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com