Antifouling and the environment

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Eivind A. Berg
Antifouling and the environment
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Leaching of biocides

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Fouling Release Coatings - FRC
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The importance of a smooth hull

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Nonindigenous species
IMO Correspondence Group established in 2008

• Asian kelp

• Flatbottom seastar

(Photo Cameron Hay)
(Photo Jan Haaga)
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Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
? 1.12 billion tons CO2 .
from shipping in 2007 ? 2-4 of manmade GHG
VLCC example (very large crude carrier) Bunker
100 tons/day 1 ton 3.18 tons CO2
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High paint performance gt
environmental protection
Concl. 1

• Two key criteria for the AF paint
• Environmentally
• acceptable
• Efficacious

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Biocides environmental fate
deposition/ volatisation/ aerosol

leaching

UV-degradation
hydrodynamic transport - tide/currents/river
flux
biological degradation
biological degradation
hydrolysis
Sorption to particulates
speciation
bioaccumulation
sediment settling and partitioning
burial
biological degradation
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Rapid deactivation /degradation


Seawater equilibrium lt 1 gt 99
Cu2 copper compounds
Hull

Average seawater copper content 1,9 µg/l
Cu2O
(toxic)
Microlayer
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No bioconcentration

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Approved antifouling biocides are safe
Conclusion 2

• Biocides under evaluation by the EU
• Copper compounds EU Copper Task Force
• DCOIT RohmHaas
• Dichlofluanid Lanxess
• Irgarol Ciba
• Copper Pyrithione Arch
• Zinc Pyrithione Arch
• Tolylfluanid Lanxess
• Zineb Cerexagri

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Sea vs. air
Air CO2, SOx, NOx, etc. Emissions not
regulated
CO2
Impact on greenhouse effect?
Sea Biocides Stringent regulations with global
impact
Test PEC lt PNEC
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Antifouling protects the air

• VLCC Bunker
• 100 tons/day
• 60 000 USD/day
• No slime
• 2 saving
• USD 1 200/day
• CO2 6.4 tons/day

40 USD 24 000 CO2 130 ton/day
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Antifouling protects the sea

• IMO Correspondence Group
• Hulls more important than ballast water for
  transporting non-indigenous species
• Translocation in niche areas and on the hull

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Conclusion 3 The better the greener
Emissions to sea
Emissions to air
Performance
Cost
Environmental trade-off
Traditionaltrade-off
Totaltrade-off

• Both trade-offs balance towards the use of
  biocides
• Effective and environmentally acceptable biocides

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Q U E S T I O N S ?