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Introduction to 4th generation wireless networks

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Title: Introduction to 4th generation wireless networks


1
Introduction to 4th generation wireless networks
  • Presented by
  • Huiqi Zhang

2
History of Mobile Technologies
Technology 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 4G
Design Begin 1970 1980 1985 1990 2000
Implementation 1984 1991 1999 2002 2010 ?
Service Analog voice Digital voice, SMS Higher capacity, Packet data, MMS Higher capacity, Broadband data Higher capacity, Complete IP, multimedia
Standards AMPS, TACS,NMT TDMA,CDMA, GSM,PDC GPRS, EDGE WCDMA, CDMA2000 Single standard
Bandwidth 1.9kbps 14.4kbps 384kbps 2Mbps 100Mbps
Multiplexing FDMA TDMA, CDMA TDMA, CDMA CDMA CDMA ?
Core Network PSTN PSTN PSTN, Packet network Packet network IP network (Internet)
3
Convergence of High Speed Internet Mobility
  • The Wireless Industry has grown at enormous pace
    over the past decade.
  • More than a billion subscribers to cellular
    services are enjoying the benefits of staying
    connected while on the move.
  • With the growth in Internet, a wide range of
    services are accessed by users through a wired
    infrastructure.
  • The introduction of mobile Internet brought about
    by the convergence of Mobile Internet
    technologies is the future objective.

4
Why 4G ? Limitations of 3G
  • Difficulty of CDMA to provide higher data rates
  • Need for continuously increasing data rate and
    bandwidth to meet the multimedia requirements
  • Limitation of spectrum and its allocation
  • Inability to roam between different services
  • To provide a seamless transport end-to-end
    mechanism
  • To introduce a better system with reduces cost

5
What is 4G ?
  • Accessing information anywhere, anytime, with a
    seamless connection to a wide range of
    information and services, and receiving a large
    volume of information, data, pictures, video, and
    so on, are the keys of the 4G infrastructures.
  • The future 4G infrastructures will consist of a
    set of various networks using IP (Internet
    protocol) as a common protocol so that users are
    in control because they will be able to choose
    every application and environment. Based on the
    developing trends of mobile communication, 4G
    will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate,
    and smoother and quicker handoff and will focus
    on ensuring seamless service across a multitude
    of wireless systems and networks.

6
What is 4G ?
  • The key concept is integrating the 4G
    capabilities with all of the existing mobile
    technologies through advanced technologies.
    Application adaptability and being highly dynamic
    are the main features of 4G services of interest
    to users. These features mean services can be
    delivered and be available to the personal
    preference of different users and support the
    users' traffic, air interfaces, radio
    environment, and quality of service. Connection
    with the network applications can be transferred
    into various forms and levels correctly and
    efficiently. The dominant methods of access to
    this pool of information will be the mobile
    telephone, PDA, and laptop to seamlessly access
    the voice communication, high-speed information
    services, and entertainment broadcast services.
  • The 4G will encompass all systems from various
    networks, public to private operator-driven
    broadband networks to personal areas and ad hoc
    networks. The 4G systems will interoperate with
    2G and 3G systems, as well as with digital
    (broadband) broadcasting systems. In addition, 4G
    systems will be fully IP-based wireless Internet.
    This all-encompassing integrated perspective
    shows the broad range of systems that the fourth
    generation intends to integrate, from satellite
    broadband to high altitude platform to cellular
    3G and 3G systems to wireless local loop and
    fixed wireless access to WLAN (wireless local
    area network) and PAN (personal area network),
    all with IP as the integrating mechanism.

7
4G Architecture
8
Design Objectives
  • New service platform
  • Rapid deployment of new services
  • Easy development of new services
  • Seamless connection and handoff between
    heterogeneous access system
  • Information bit rate 100Mbps (peak rate in
    mobile environment) and 1Gbps (peak rate in
    indoor environment)
  • System capacity 10 times that of 3G
  • Cost 1/10 to 1/100 per bit
  • Base station network all IP
  • Transmission delay time 50 ms or less

9
4G needs to resolve its issues
  • Heterogeneous networks
  • Access, handoff
  • Location coordination, resource coordination
  • Adding new users
  • Support for multicasting
  • QoS, wireless security and authentication
  • Network failure backup
  • Pricing and billing

10
Technologies
  • Challenges
  • Convergence/integration/inter-working of all
    existing and emerging fixed and mobile (wired and
    wireless) networks including broadcast
    IP Technology
  • Simple to select and easy to use desired Services
    Agent Technology
  • Universal and low cost terminals
    Reconfigurable Technology

11
Quality of Service
  • Traffic generated by the different services will
    not only increase traffic loads on the networks,
    but will also require different quality of
    service (QoS) requirements (e.g., cell loss rate,
    delay, and jitter) for different streams (e.g.,
    video, voice, data).
  • Providing QoS guarantees in 4G networks is a
    non-trivial issue where both QoS signaling across
    different networks and service differentiation
    between mobile flows will have to be addressed.

12
Quality of Service
  • One of the most difficult problems that are to be
    solved, when it comes to IP mobility, is how to
    insure the constant QoS level during the handoff.
  • Depending on whether the new access router is in
    the same or some other subnetwork, we recognize
    the horizontal (intradomain) and vertical
    (interdomain) handoff.
  • Vertical handoff is the handoff between
    heterogeneous networks, such as between UMTS and
    WLAN. These heterogeneous networks can be
    Cellular Networks (UMTS, CDMA2000, and GSM),
    WiMAX, WLAN, and WPAN.
  • Handoff within the same network domain is called
    horizontal handoff.

13
Quality of Service
  • However, the mobile terminal can not receive IP
    packets, while the process of handoff is
    finished. This time is called the handoff
    latency.
  • Handoff latency has a great influence on the flow
    of multimedia applications in real-time.
  • Mobile IPv6 have been proposed to reduce the
    handoff Mobile latency and the number of lost
    packets.
  • The field Traffic Class and Flow Label in
    IPv6 header enables the routers to secure the
    special QoS for packet series with marked
    priority.

14
4G Mobility Management
  • The proposed mobility management architecture for
    4G all-IP-based wireless systems is shown in
    Fig. 2.
  • In this architecture, different wireless networks
    are integrated through the network interworking
    agent (NIA).
  • The NIA can integrate several wireless networks
    belonging to different service providers.
  • It handles authentication, billing, and mobility
    management issues during intersystem
    (interdomain) roaming.

15
4G Mobility Management
16
4G Mobility Management
  • For intradomain mobility, existing micro-mobility
    management protocols can be used
  • For interdomain mobility a novel cross-layer
    mobility management protocol is proposed .
  • The basic idea of this protocol is early
    detection of the possibility of interdomain
    handoff and then to carry out authentication,
    authorization, and mobile IP registration of the
    MT in the next domain before the actual handoff.

17
4G Mobility Management
  • These operations are carried out through the NIA,
    which has separate service level agreement (SLAs)
    with both domains.
  • In this mobility management architecture,
    interdomain handoff delay is comparable to that
    of intradomain handoff delay.
  • The NIA is used only during interdomain roaming.
    Once the MT moves into a new domain, the NIA is
    no longer involved. Hence, the load on NIA is
    minimal.

18
Security
  • The heterogeneity of wireless networks
    complicates the security issue.
  • Dynamic reconfigurable, adaptive, and lightweight
    security mechanisms should be developed.
  • Security in wireless networks mainly involves
    authentication, confidentiality, integrity, and
    authentication, for the access of network
    connectivity and QoS resources for the mobile
    nodes flow.
  • AAA (Authentication Authorization Accounting)
    protocols provide a framework for such suffered
    especially for control plane functions and
    installing security policies in the mobile node
    such as encryption, decryption and filtering.

19
Convergence of Cellular Networks and WLANs
  • Benefits for
  • Operators
  • Higher bandwidths.
  • Lower cost of networks and equipment.
  • The use of licence-exempt spectrum.
  • Higher capacity and QoS enhancement.
  • Higher revenue.
  • Users
  • Access to broadband multimedia services with
    lower cost and where mostly needed.
  • Inter Inter-network roaming.

20
Convergence of Mobile Communications
Broadcasting
  • From broadcaster point of view
  • Introducing interactivity to their unidirectional
    point-to-multipoint broadcasting systems.
  • From the cellular mobile operator point of view
  • Providing a complementary broadband downlink in
    vehicular environments to support IP-based
    multi-media traffic which is inherently
    asymmetrical.

21
Convergence Benefits
  • Broadcasters will benefit from the use of
    cellular mobile systems to adapt the content of
    their multi-media services more rapidly in
    response to the feedback from customers.
  • Cellular operators will benefit from offering
    their customers a range of new broadband multi
    customers a range of new broadband multi-media
    services in vehicular environments.
  • Users will benefit from faster access to a range
    of broadband multi-media services with reasonable
    QoS and lower cost.

22
Re-configurable Technology
  • In order to use the large variety of services and
    wireless networks, multimode user terminals are
    essential as they can adapt to different wireless
    networks by reconfiguring themselves.
  • This eliminates the need to use multiple
    terminals (or multiple hardware components in a
    terminal).
  • The most promising way of implementing multimode
    user terminals is to adopt the software radio
    approach.

23
Re-configurable Technology
  • Challenges
  • Regulatory and Standardization issues
  • Business models
  • User preference profiles
  • Inter-system handoff mechanisms and criteria
  • Software download mechanisms
  • Flexible spectrum allocation and sharing between
    operators

24
Re-configurable Technology
  • Benefits for
  • Users
  • Select network depending on service requirements
    and cost.
  • Connect to any network Worldwide roaming.
  • Access to new services.
  • Operators
  • Respond to variations in traffic demand (load
    balancing).
  • Incorporate service enhancements and
    improvements.
  • Correction of software bugs and upgrade of
    terminals.
  • Rapid development of new personalized and
    customized services.
  • Manufacturers
  • Single platform for all markets.
  • Increased flexible and efficient production.

25
Personal Mobility
  • In addition to terminal mobility, personal
    mobility is a concern in mobility management.
  • Personal mobility concentrates on the movement of
    users instead of users terminals, and involves
    the provision of personal communications and
    personalized operating environments.
  • Once the users agent identifies users location,
    the callers agent can directly communicate with
    his agent.

26
MULTIMEDIA Video Services
  • 4G wireless systems are expected to deliver
    efficient multimedia services at very high data
    rates.
  • Basically there are two types of video services
    bursting and streaming video services.
  • Streaming is performed when a user requires
    real-time video services, in which the server
    delivers data continuously at a playback rate.
  • Bursting is basically file downloading using a
    buffer and this is done at the highest data rate
    taking advantage of the whole available
    bandwidth.

27
Applications
  • Virtual Presence This means that 4G provides
    user services at all times, even if the user is
    off-site.
  • Virtual navigation 4G provides users with
    virtual navigation through which a user can
    access a database of the streets, buildings etc.
  • Tele-geoprocessing applications This is a
    combination of GIS (Geographical Information
    System) and GPS (Global Positioning System) in
    which a user can get the location by querying.

28
Applications
  • Tele-Medicine and Education 4G will support
    remote health monitoring of patients. For people
    who are interested in life long education, 4G
    provides a good opportunity.
  • Crisis management Natural disasters can cause
    break down in communication systems. In todays
    world it might take days or 7 weeks to restore
    the system. But in 4G it is expected to restore
    such crisis issues in a few hours.

29
Multiple Operators and Billing System
  • In todays communication market, an operator
    usually charges customers with a simple billing
    and accounting scheme.
  • A flat rate based on subscribed services, call
    durations, and transferred data volume is usually
    enough in many situations.
  • With the increase of service varieties in 4G
    systems, more comprehensive billing and
    accounting systems are needed.
  • It is challenging to formulate one single billing
    method that covers all the billing schemes
    involved.

30
CONCLUSION
  • As the history of mobile communications shows,
    attempts have been made to reduce a number of
    technologies to a single global standard.
  • 4G seems to be a very promising generation of
    wireless communication that will change the
    peoples life in the wireless world.
  • 4G is expected to be launched by 2010 and the
    world is looking forward to the most intelligent
    technology that would connect the entire globe.

31
Questions ?
  • What can 4G do for us?
  • What are the main issues for 4G ?
  • What are the design objectives for 4G ?

32
References
  • 1 Eurotechology.com. 2006. Fourth Generation
    Wireless Communications. Tokyo, Japan.
    http//www.eurotechnology.com/4G/
  • 2 Odinma, A.C. Next Generation Networks
    Whence, Where, and Whither. Pacific Journal of
    Science and Technology. 7(1)23-30, 2006.
  • 3 Marcos Katz and Frank H.P. Fitzek On the
    Definition of the Fourth Generation Wireless
    Communications Networks The Challenges Ahead
  • INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON CONVERGENT
    TECHNOLOGIES (IWCT) 2005
  • 4Simone Frattasi, Hanane Fathi, Frank Fitzek,
    Marcos Katz, Ramjee Prasad, A Pragmatic
    Methodology to Design 4G From the User to the
    Technology, Fourth International Conference on
    Networking (ICN05), Reunion Island, April 17-21,
    2005.
  • 5 Junhwan Kim, A Framework for
    Scenario/Service Development and its Application
    to 4G, The 12th WWRF, WG1, 2004.
  • 6 Petteri Alahuhta, Marko Jurvansuu, Heikki
    Pentikäinen, Roadmap for Network Technologies
    and Services, Technology Review 2004, TEKES,
    Finland (http//www.tekes.fi/julkaisut/Roadmap.pdf
    ).
  • 7 Special Issue on 4G Mobile Communication
    Toward Open Wireless Architecture, IEEE Wireless
    Communications, Vol.11, No. 2, April, 2004.
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