Chapter 14 Reformers

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Chapter 14Reformers

• A time for change
• To reform to change

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Key Vocabulary

• immigrant a person who settles in a new country
• push-pull factor pushes people out of their
  native lands pulls toward a new place
• famine a severe food shortage
• nativist a native-born American who wanted to
  eliminate foreign influence
• romanticism a European artistic movement that
  stressed the individual, imagination, creativity,
  and emotion
• transcendentalism a 19th century philosophy
  that taught the spiritual world is more important
  than the physical world and that people can find
  the truth within themselves through feeling and
  intuition
• civil disobedience peacefully refusing to obey
  laws one considers unjust
• temperance movement a campaign to stop the
  drinking of alcohol
• labor union a group of workers who ban together
  to seek better working conditions
• strike to stop work to demand better working
  conditions
• abolition the movement to end slavery
• suffrage the right to vote
• Underground Railroad a series of escape routes
  used by slaves escaping the South
• Seneca Falls Convention womens rights
  convention held in Seneca Falls, NY, 1848
• Second Great Awakening the renewal of religious
  faith in the 1790s and early 1800s

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The hopes of immigrants

• Millions of people left their home country to
  become United States immigrants people who
  settle in a new country.
• They came from Britain, Ireland, Germany, Sweden,
  Denmark, Norway and China.
• WHY?
• Freedom
• Economic Opportunity -
• Abundant Land

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The hopes of immigrants

• Different groups came for different reasons.
• Germans economic opportunity for farmers as
  well as businessmen
• Irish a disease attacked their main crop, the
  potato, causing a famine severe shortage of
  food. They were fleeing hunger.
• So many immigrants cause overcrowding in American
  cities and were unprepared.
• Crime flourished, outdoor toilets overflowed,
  disease spread, not enough police or firemen

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The hopes of immigrants

• Many immigrants faced prejudice a negative
  opinion not based on facts.
• Some native-born Americans felt that immigrants
  were too foreign to learn American ways.
• Many natives, called
  nativists, refused to
  hire immigrants and
  discriminated against
  them.

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American literature art

• Many writers began to write books featuring the
  American wilderness and urged Americans to cast
  off European influence and develop their own
  beliefs.
• James Fenimore Cooper wrote The Last of the
  Mohicans
• Other books include The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,
  The Oregon Trail

• Noah Webster wrote a American Dictionary of the
  English Language
• Henry W. Longfellow wrote Paul Reveres Ride
• Henry David Thoreau moved to a cabin in the woods
  and wrote Walden

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Second Great Awakening

• In the early 1800s, the Second Great Awakening
  the renewal of religious faith began.
• Revivals took place in many American cities and
  spread westward forcing people to strengthen
  their beliefs.
• People began
  to seek salvation.

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Temperance Movement

• Led by churches, some Americans began a
  temperance movement.
• Temperance movement campaign to stop the
  drinking of alcohol
• Linked drinking to family breakups, crime, and
  mental illness

Families took pledges to stop drinking in their
household.
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Temperance Movement
Saloon is a bar
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Education

• In the 1830s, Americans began to demand better
  schools to better educate children.
• Horace Mann led a movement for education reform
• Mann set up the first State Board of Education in
  the U.S.
• He demanded more money for schools
  and education for
  African Americans
• Said every child deserved to
  be educated

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Improving Education

• Horace Mann head of first state board of
  education
• the great equalizer
• By 1850 many public elementary schools opened

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Care for the sick

• Some Americans promoted to improve societys care
  for the weaker members.
• Dorothea Dix led a movement for reform in
  mental hospitals prisons
• After visiting jails and hospitals and seeing the
  poor, dirty conditions
  these people
  lived in, she fought to
  improve their lives and
  living conditions

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Helping the Needy

• 1841 - Dorthea Dix fought to improve mental
  hospitals
• 1817 Thomas Gallaudet started first school for
  the deaf
• 1830s Samuel G. Howe founded Perkins School for
  the Blind
• Prison reform

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Abolition movement

• Abolition, the movement to end slavery, began in
  the late 1700s.
• By 1804, most Northern states had outlawed
  slavery.
• By 1807, Congress banned
  the importation of African
  slaves into the United States.
• Abolitionists then began to
  work to end slavery.

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Abolitionists

• William Lloyd Garrison was a white Northerner who
  published The Liberator, an anti-slavery
  newspaper
• The Liberator preached that slavery was evil and
  should be ended immediately.
• He helped organize the American
  Anti-Slavery Society.

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Abolitionists

• The movement to end slavery
• 1831 William Lloyd Garrison published The
  Liberator
• I will not retreat a single inch and I WILL BE
  HEARD
• Sarah and Angelina Grimke
• John Quincy Adams

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Abolitionists

• Frederick Douglass was a former slave who was a
  famous abolitionist.
• A powerful public speaker and lecturer
• for the Anti-Slavery Society.
• Published an autobiography of his
• horrible slave experiences.
• Spoke out about the evils of slavery
• If I Should Have a Country

• Sojourner Truth was a runaway slave who was a
  famous abolitionist fought for womens rights
• Gave famous speech Aint I a Woman

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Frederick Douglass

• Former slave who escaped to the north
• Wrote an autobiography
• Brilliant public speaker
• Published an antislavery newspaper

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Aint I a Woman?

• That man over there says that women need to be
  helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches,
  and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody
  ever helps me into carriages, or over
  mud-puddles, or gives me any best place!
  And ain't I a woman?
• Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed and
  planted, and gathered into barns, and no man
  could head me! And ain't I a woman?
• I could work as much and eat as much as a man -
  when I could get it - and bear the lash as well!
  And ain't I a woman?
• I have borne thirteen children, and seen most
• all sold off to slavery, and when I cried
  out with
• my mother's grief, none but Jesus heard
  me!
• And ain't I a woman?

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Sojourner Truth

• Former slave who escaped to live with the Quakers
• Famous public speaker who stood up for abolition
  and womens rights

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Underground Railroad

• Harriett Tubman was a former slave who was a
  famous abolitionist and led runaway slaves to
  freedom on the Underground
  Railroad.
• She returned to the South 19 times
  to lead over 300 slaves to freedom
  risking her own life every
  time.

• Underground Railroad was a
  secret aboveground series of
  escape routes from the South
  to the North (usually Canada)

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Uncle Toms Cabin

• Uncle Toms Cabin was a book written by Harriett
  Beecher Stowe about the evils of slavery. The
  book was based on true tales of the horrors of
  slavery.
• VERY popular book sold thousands of copies.
• A poorly treated slave dies from beatings.

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Womens Rights

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton fought for womens
  suffrage equal rights for women.
• Suffrage the right to vote
• She formed the Seneca Falls Convention - a
  national womens rights convention held in Seneca
  Falls, New York

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Womens Rights

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott
• Held Seneca Falls Convention to call for equal
  rights for women
• Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions
• All men and women are created equal.

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Reformers Review

• Horace Mann
• Dorothea Dix
• William Lloyd Garrison
• Frederick Douglass
• Harriett Tubman
• Harriett Beecher Stowe
• Sojourner Truth
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Reform education Reform prisons ill
Abolitionists - ending
slavery Abolitionist womens rights Womens
suffrage