Coordinated airborne, space borne, and ground based measurements of massive, thick haze layers during recent major field campaigns

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Coordinated airborne, space borne, and ground
based measurements of massive, thick haze layers
during recent major field campaigns Beat
Schmid BAER/ NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett
Field, CA, USA AATS Team at NASA Ames many,
many collaborators
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Atmospheric Aerosols

• Suspension of particles (1 nm-10mm) in the
  atmosphere
• Sources of tropospheric aerosol (usually lower
  troposphere)
• Dispersal of material from surface (dust, pollen,
  sea-salt)
• Direct emission of material into the atmosphere
  (e.g. smoke)
• Chemical reaction (e.g. gas-to-particle-conversion
  SO2 ? H2SO4)
• Anthropogenic sources SO2 from fossil fuel
  combustion, organic and elemental carbon from
  biomass burning
• Sources of stratospheric aerosol (in layers
  h12-20 km)
• Volcanic eruption of SO2 (Mt. Pinatubo June
  1991)
• High temporal and spatial variability
  (coagulation, sedimentation, diffusion)
• Addition of anthropogenic aerosols influences
  radiative balance of Earth
• Direct effect absorption and scattering of solar
  radiation back to space
• Indirect effect influence on formation,lifetime
  and radiative properties of clouds

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Understanding Climate Aerosol Forcings Cause the
Largest Uncertainty in the Earths Radiation
Budget
Source IPCC Third Assessment Report
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AOD retrieval from satellite
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Aerosol Optical Depth Derived from Upward
Scattered Solar RadianceAVHRR/NOAA 11,
June-Aug., Husar et al., J. Geophys. Res., 102,
16,889, 1997.
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NASA Ames Airborne Sunphotometer-Satellite
Group 6 Major Aerosol Field Campaigns, 1996-2001
TARFOX, 1996
ACE-Asia, 2001
CLAMS, 2001
ACE-2, 1997
PRIDE, 2000
SAFARI, 2000
Aerosol Optical Depth Derived from Upward
Scattered Solar RadianceAVHRR/NOAA 11,
June-Aug., Husar et al., J. Geophys. Res., 102,
16,889, 1997.
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Measurement Schematic
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How the Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer
(AATS-14) flew in TARFOX and ACE-2
Sunphotometer head
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Aerosol optical depth (l 0.63µm)retrieved from
AVHRR radianceson July 17, 1997
Schmid et al., Tellus, 2000 Durkee et al.,
Tellus, 2000
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Vertical profiles of aerosol extinction are
obtained by vertically differentiating AATS
continuous vertical profiles of AOD
Schmid et al., Tellus, 2000
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ACE-2 Pelican Payload
T, Td, P GPS Winds, Turbulence Eppley Radiometers
(SW, LW, NIR) NASA Sunphotometer (AATS-14) ACAD,
D5-200 nm (dry) PMS PCASP, D0.15 - 3.0 mm
(dry) PMS FSSP-100, D0.5 - 8 mm MISU Dry
Nephelometer UW Dry Nephelometer UW Wet
Nephelometer PSAP (dry) Gas Chromatograph CCN
Spectrometer Aerosol filter System
Size
Scattering
Absorption
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Comparison Sunphotometer vs. In Situ, l525 nm
Schmid et al., Tellus, 2000
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AATS-6 on the SPAWAR Navajo in PRIDE
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Puerto Rico Dust Experiment (PRIDE), June-July
2000
Contrast PRIDE results with ACE-2
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Comparison Wavelength Dependence of
MODIS-retrieved vs. SP-measured Optical Depths
AATS-6
MODIS
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Comparison MODIS Retrievals vs. AATS-6 Optical
Depths
Major Dust Layer Above MBL
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• 2000 dry-season airborne campaign Aug 13-Sep 25
• 9 Southern African nations
• 6 research aircraft
• Satellite overpasses
• Ground-based measurement teams

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4 Sep 2000 SeaWiFS Project NASA/GSFC ORBIMAGE
http//visibleearth.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/viewrecord?33
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NASA Ames Airborne Tracking 14-Channel
Sunphotometer (AATS-14)

• Aerosol Optical Depth/Extinction
• (354-1558 nm, 12 wavelengths)
• Water Vapor Column/Density
• 24 data flights on CV-580

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON CV-580
31 Flights (120 hours) during SAFARI-2000
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• Aerosol extinction and AOD profiles at 532 and
  1064 nm
• from ER-2 Altitude 20 km to ground
• needs total column AOD from other source

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• August 22, 2000
• Comparison with Cimel
• AATS-14 Aerosol profile
• Comparison with MPL and CPL on ER-2

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Aerosol profile from ground-based and airborne
lidars and airborne sun photometer Skukuza,
South Africa, 22 August 2000
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AOD Validation with AATS-14
Absorbing Aerosol Index, AOD (380 nm), w(380 nm)
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w0.925
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w0.833
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w1.000
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MODIS
Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
AOD Validation with AATS-14
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MODIS over water (AOD at 6 wavelengths 1
extrapolated, some size characteristics)
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MODIS over land (AOD at 2 wavelengths 1
interpolated)
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AOD Validation with AATS-14
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September 3, 2000 MISR, Nadir
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MISR AOD over land (4 wavelengths), aerosol type
Unvalidated MISR standard algorithm
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MISR AOD over land (4 wavelengths), aerosol type
Unvalidated MISR standard algorithm
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MISR AOD over water (4 wavelengths), aerosol type
Unvalidated MISR standard algorithm
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MISR AOD over water (4 wavelengths), aerosol type
Unvalidated MISR standard algorithm
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ACE-Asia AnAerosol Characterization
ExperimentIntensive ObservationsDuring the
Spring of 2001
Barry J. Huebert ACE-Asia Lead Scientist Departmen
t of Oceanography University of Hawaii Honolulu,
HI 96822 USA huebert_at_soest.hawaii.edu
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Pacific AOT
AOD from AVHRR Husar and Stowe
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13 Apr 2001 SeaWiFS Project NASA/GSFC ORBIMAGE
http//visibleearth.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/viewrecord?79
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Approaches
Iwakuni Operations Center
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Approaches Only a Few of the Network Observations
are Available Now
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Approaches We Did Many Instrument
Intercomparisons (Fly-bys)
Kosan
C-130
Twin Otter
Ron Brown
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AATS-14 on Twin Otter
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Lidar Intercomparion Study with Airborne Aerosol
Optical Measurements near Tokyo on April 23, 2001
Sun Photometer
TUMM Lidar
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This Dust Storm Began in China
These photos are reduced-resolution versions of
photos taken by Dr. Zev Levin while visiting
Baicheng, Jilin Province, China (NE of Beijing)
during the dust storm. The first two were taken
on April 7th. The third was taken on April 8th.
The Perfect Dust Storm, April 5 - 15, 2001
From D. Westphals web site http//www.nrlmry.nav
y.mil/aerosol/Case_studies/20010413_epac/