HARNESSING NIGERIAS BIOMASS POTENTIAL FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. By E. C. Okoroigwe MNSE,

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HARNESSING NIGERIAS BIOMASS POTENTIAL FOR
SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.ByE. C.
Okoroigwe (MNSE), N. F. Oparaku,O. U. Oparaku
(MNSE).National Centre for Energy Research and
Development, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
Enugu State.
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Outline of presentation

• Introduction
• Biomass conversion processes
• - anaerobic digestion
• - Biomass Gasification and Pyrolysis
• - Bio-fuel production
• - Biomass briquetting
• Nigerias Biomass
• Energy value of some biomass materials
• Contribution of biomass to economic development
• Conclusion

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Introduction

• The world is searching for solution to
• possible future energy crises resulting from
  total exhaustion of conventional energy
  resources.
• increasing cost of fossil fuels
• Increasing rate of health deterioration due to
  inhalation of carbon monoxide etc
• global warming due to huge carbon emission

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Intro. ctnd

• Because of these, there is need for Nigeria to
• join the rest of the world in this campaign
• harness her renewable energy potentials
• Biomass is one of such sources of solution to
  current and future energy crises.

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Intro ctnd

• Biomass is the accumulation of solar energy on
  earth in diverse forms which are readily
  available in form of
• wood,
• energy crops,
• agricultural and forest residues,
• animal wastes,
• wastes from food and allied industries etc

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Intro ctnd.

• Biomass is the source of useful energy resources
  such as
• biogas,
• bio-ethanol,
• bio-diesel,
• bio-oil,
• producer gas,
• biomass briquettes,
• bio-fertilizers etc
• used for thermal, electrical and direct
  agricultural applications in crop production

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Intro ctnd

• It is abundantly available in nature (as green
  vegetation and animals) and can be generated by
  human socio-economic activities such as
  agriculture
• The overdependence on the conventional sources
  of energy as the only major source of energy and
  power supply has left the country economically
  slow

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Intro cntd

• Biomass combustion is suitable for heat and power
  generation for household, industrial and
  commercial energy supply
• For better energy supply, it is usually
  transformed before consumption rather than using
  them as they appear in nature.

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Conversion processes

• anaerobic digestion
• Biomass Gasification and Pyrolysis
• Bio-fuel production
• Biomass briquetting

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anaerobic digestion

• This is the transformation process by which
  biological organisms (bacteria) are used to
  breakdown the carbohydrate component in biomass
  material to release sugar that is further broken
  down to release biogas .
• The percentage of methane (the only combustible
  part) in the biogas varies according to the type
  of feedstock, retention time, temperature of the
  fermenting medium etc involved in the digestion
  process.
• About 60 70 volume of methane has been
  recorded most times. This makes the entire biogas
  burn completely without much sooth noticed.

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Biomass Gasification and Pyrolysis

• These are Thermo-chemical processes in which
  biomass materials are combusted in oxygen starved
  (gasification) and non oxygen (pyrolysis)
  environment
• In Air gasification, biomass is burned in limited
  supply of air to yield a low energy gas
  containing mainly hydrogen, carbon monoxide,
  methane and non combustible carbon dioxide, water
  vapour, tar and ash. This gas can be used to run
  power engines or turbines.

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• The heat value is about 4500-5500KJ/Nm3 or 4-5
  MJ/Nm3
• General reaction
• CH1.4O0.6 0.4O2 (1.5N2) 0.7CO
  0.3CO2 0.6H2 0.1H2O (1.5N2)
• Pyrolysis stage
• Biomass Heat Charcoal, oil, gas
• Oxidation (combustion) stage
• CO2 CO2 2CO2 2CO 2COO2 2CO2 2H2O2
  2H2O
• Reduction stage
• CH2O COH2 CCO2 2CO C2H2 CH4

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Bio-fuel production

• Bio-fuel consists of two major types of fuels
• Bio-ethanol and
• Bio-diesel
• There are two key reactions that are involved in
  the production of Bio-ethanol, one is hydrolysis
  and the other is fermentation.

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• Bio-ethanol can be produced by mixing sugar,
  water and yeast bacteria together then allowed to
  ferment in warm environment. Gradually the
  mixture becomes a liquid that has some percentage
  alcohol. Then the liquid mash that is created is
  distilled and purified to get approximately 99.5
  Bio-ethanol
• It can also be produced by cellulosic biomass
  conversion to ethanol. This is based on
  concentrated acid pretreatment followed by
  hydrolysis and fermentation.

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• Biodiesel is a fuel that is vegetable oil based,
• it can be used to run an unmodified engine
• While it is usually derived from canola oil,
  jatropha, cotton seed etc, recycled fryer oil can
  also be used to make it

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Biomass briquetting

• Briquetting is the process of reducing the void
  ratio of loose biomass materials by compression
  in the presence of heat.
• It improves the heat value as well as the
  combustion efficiency of the fuels

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Nigerias biomass potential

• The total land in a country available for
  agriculture and under vegetation is a measure of
  biomass generation in that country

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Table 1 land use distribution in Nigeria
Source ECN, (2005) and Garba, (2004) as obtained
from Federal Ministry of Agriculture (FMA).
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Table 2 animal population estimate _at_ 3.2
annual growth rate
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Energy content of some biomass materials
Table 4 Energy values of some common crop
materials
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Table 5 Energy value of wastes of some common
animals and human beings
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Contribution of biomass to national economic
development.

• Employment,
• Energy and power,
• Business opportunities to investors
• etc

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conclusion

• Biomass can meet the energy needs of many
  Nigerians by 2020 if appropriate technology is
  adapted for its transformation.
• Even though Nigeria is blessed with enough
  fossil fuel deposits, still there is need to
  harness the abundant biomass resources to augment
  the inadequate supply of these fuels

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Thanks for listening