Title: An MCDA approach for evaluating hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
1An MCDA approach for evaluating hydrogen storage
systems for future vehicles
2nd Decision Deck Workshop February 2008,
21-22 LAMSADE - Université Paris Dauphine
- Florent MONTIGNAC1, Isabelle NOIROT1, Serge
CHAUDOURNE1 -
- Vincent MOUSSEAU2, Denis BOUYSSOU2, Mohammed Ali
ALOULOU2, Sébastien DAMART2, Benjamin ROUSVAL2 - 1CEA - French Atomic Energy Commission, Hydrogen
Technologies Department (DTH) - 17 rue des Martyrs 38054 Grenoble - France
- 2LAMSADE, Université Paris Dauphine
- Place du Maréchal De Lattre de Tassigny 75 775
Paris - France - florent.montignac_at_cea.fr
2Content
- Hydrogen, one possible solution to overcome
global warming and climate change - Hydrogen storage, a key issue for automotive
applications - Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles - STORHY, a European project
- Structuring the context of the evaluation
actors, alternatives, criteria, boundaries - Elaborating evaluation models using MACBETH
method - Providing recommendations
- Conclusions and perspectives
3Content
- Hydrogen, one possible solution to overcome
global warming and climate change - Hydrogen storage, a key issue for automotive
applications - Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles - STORHY, a European project
- Structuring the context of the evaluation
actors, alternatives, criteria, boundaries - Elaborating evaluation models using MACBETH
method - Providing recommendations
- Conclusions and perspectives
4Hydrogen, one possible solution to overcome
global warming and climate change
- Climate change a realty directly correlated to
greenhouse gases emissions from human activity
and consequences
Causes
Source IPCC 2007
Source IPCC 2007
5Hydrogen, one possible solution to overcome
global warming and climate change
- Transport is one of the main sources of
greenhouse gases emissions there is a need to
reduce the emissions in this domain
Greenhouse gas emissions by sectors in Europe in
2005
Source EEA
6Hydrogen, one possible solution to overcome
global warming and climate change
- Hydrogen is a non carbonated energy carrier
- Its conversion into energy does not produce any
greenhouse gas - The conversion of hydrogen using Fuel Cells
produces electricity, heat and water
H2
Source CEA
H2 ? 2H2e-
2H ½ O22e-? H2O
7Hydrogen, one possible solution to overcome
global warming and climate change
- Moreover, hydrogen can be produced from CO2 free
primary energy sources such as nuclear energy and
renewable energies
Sources CEA, Air Liquide, UTRC
8Content
- Hydrogen, one possible solution to overcome
global warming and climate change - Hydrogen storage, a key issue for automotive
applications - Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles - STORHY, a European project
- Structuring the context of the evaluation
actors, alternatives, criteria, boundaries - Elaborating evaluation models using MACBETH
method - Providing recommendations
- Conclusions and perspectives
9Hydrogen storage, a key issue for automotive
applications
- Hydrogen gas is characterized by a high
gravimetric energy density but a very low
volumetric energy density at ambient temperature
and pressure
Crude Gasoline Diesel LPG H2 (1 bar)
Gravimetric energy density (MJ/kg) 42.0 43.2 43.1 46.0 120.1
Volumetric energy density (GJ/m3) 34.5 32.2 35.8 27.6 0.011
There is a need to increase the volumetric energy
density of hydrogen
10Hydrogen storage, a key issue for automotive
applications
- In order to improve the volumetric energy
density, hydrogen can be stored as a compressed
gas, as a cryogenic liquid, or stored in solid
materials
H2
Compressed gas
Cryogenic liquid
Storage in solid materials
Source UTRC
Source Linde
Source Dynetek
11Hydrogen storage, a key issue for automotive
applications
- Each one of these technologies has specific
advantages and drawbacks
None of these technologies is completely
satisfactory for the moment Needs in Research
Development Needs in terms of evaluation
Advantages Drawbacks
Compressed gas Mature technology Similar manufacturing process as compressed natural gas (CNG) Interesting gravimetric energy density Draft regulations Energy needed for the compression Low conformability (cylindrical shape) Costs (carbon fibre)
Cryogenic liquid Interesting volumetric energy density Potentially high gravimetric energy density Hydrogen losses (4 per day) Energy needed for hydrogen liquefaction Draft regulations Costs
Storage in solid materials High volumetric energy density Potentially safer than the other technologies Not mature (lab scale materials research) Low gravimetric energy density Heat management, refuelling time
Source Dynetek
Source Linde
Source UTRC
12Content
- Hydrogen, one possible solution to overcome
global warming and climate change - Hydrogen storage, a key issue for automotive
applications - Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles - STORHY, a European project
- Structuring the context of the evaluation
actors, alternatives, criteria, boundaries - Elaborating evaluation models using MACBETH
method - Providing recommendations
- Conclusions and perspectives
13Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
- STORHY Hydrogen Storage Systems for Automotive
Applications
An Integrated Project within the EU FP6
14Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
- STORHY Hydrogen Storage Systems for Automotive
Applications
Objective Investigate advanced technological
solutions for each one of the three main hydrogen
storage methods - Compressed gas hydrogen
storage at 700 bars - Cryogenic liquid
lightweight conformable storage systems -
Storage in solid materials investigate new
lightweight hydrides
Structure
Car manufacturers
Technical development
Transversal activities
15Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
- Structuring the context of the evaluation
Options
Evaluation criteria
- Building an evaluation model
Performance table
Criterion g1 Criterion gi Criterion gn
Option a1 g1(a1)
Option aj gi(aj)
Option am gn(am)
Preferences modelling
Evaluation model
- Providing recommendations
Recommendations
16Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
- Structuring the context of the evaluation
- Interaction with car manufacturers in order to
agree on - Alternatives to be compared
- Evaluation boundaries
- Evaluation criteria
- Building an evaluation model
- Interaction with technical sub-projects in order
to collect data and build performance tables - Interaction with car manufacturers in order to
model their preferences
- Providing recommendations
- Interaction with car manufacturers in order to
validate the outputs of the evaluation models
17Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
- Structuring the context of the evaluation
- Evaluation boundaries and evaluation domains
Risks, regulations and standards
Production
Technical performance
Social acceptance
Storage system Compressed, liquid, solid
Refuelling
Final use
Recycling
Costs
Environmental impacts
18Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
- Structuring the context of the evaluation
- Technical performance hypotheses
- Evaluation criteria
- System volume (l)
- System mass (kg)
- Refuelling time (min)
- Hydrogen loss rate (g/h/kgH2)
- Final application
- Fuel cell vehicle 6kg of H2
The evaluation method is illustrated in the case
of 3 hydrogen storage technologies T1, T2 and T3
19Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
- Structuring the context of the evaluation
- The evaluation model is built using the MACBETH
method ( Measuring Attractiveness by a
Categorical Based Evaluation TecHnique ). - M-MACBETH Decision Support System available at
www.m-macbeth.com - This method is being implemented in public
policies, quality management, investment
strategies - MACBETH relies on a cardinal multicriteria
aggregation procedure - This procedure is implemented through interactive
exchanges with the decision makers
Raw performance
Normalized scales of attractiveness
Scale constants
20Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
- Building an evaluation model
- Step 1 raw performance (physical scales)
Raw performance
21Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
- Building an evaluation model
- Performance table obtained from prototypes
specifications and system level extrapolations
System volume (l) System mass (kg) Refuelling time (min) H2 loss rate (g/h/kgH2)
T1 250 140 4 0
T2 200 110 3 16
T3 100 380 20 0
FC Vehicle 6kg H2
(example)
22Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
- Building an evaluation model
Normalized scales of attractiveness
23Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
- Building an evaluation model
- Definition of reference levels for each criterion
Criterion gi
RD effort on this criterion is not necessary for
the technology
Satisfying level
RD is still necessary to reach satisfying
performance level on the studied criterion
Acceptable level
A major RD effort is necessary to allow the
adoption of the technology
24Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
- Building an evaluation model
- Definition of reference levels for each criterion
FC Vehicle 6kg H2
Criterion System volume
(example)
RD effort on this criterion is not necessary for
the technology
Satisfying level 80l
(example)
RD is still necessary to reach satisfying
performance level on the studied criterion
T3 100l
Acceptable level 150l
(example)
A major RD effort is necessary to allow the
adoption of the technology
T2 200l
T1 250l
25Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
- Building an evaluation model
FC Vehicle 6kg H2
- Definition of reference levels for each criterion
(example)
System volume
System mass
H2 loss rate
Refuelling time
T2 3min
T1/T3 0
T1 4min
Sat 80l
Sat 60kg
Sat 0.5g/h/kgH2
Sat 5min
(example)
(example)
(example)
(example)
T2 110kg
T3 100l
T1 140kg
Acc 150l
Acc 200kg
Acc 1g/h/kgH2
Acc 10min
(example)
(example)
(example)
(example)
T2 200l
T2 16g/h/kgH2
T3 20min
T3 380kg
T1 250l
26Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
- Building an evaluation model
- Difference of attractiveness between options
Criterion System volume
Satisfying level 80l
no difference very weak weak moderat
e strong very strong extreme
T3 100l
?
Acceptable level 150l
T2 200l
T1 250l
27Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
- Building an evaluation model
- Difference of attractiveness between options
M-MACBETH software processing
(example)
28Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
- Building an evaluation model
- Normalized scales of attractiveness
System volume
System mass
H2 loss rate
Refuelling time
T2
T1/T3
T1
Sat 100
Sat 100
Sat 100
Sat 100
T2
T3
T1
Acc 0
Acc 0
Acc 0
Acc 0
T2
T2
T3
T3
T1
29Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
- Building an evaluation model
Scale constants
30Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
- Building an evaluation model
- Comparison between fictitious alternatives
System volume
System mass
H2 loss rate
Refuelling time
Sat 80l
Sat 60kg
Sat 0.5g/h/kgH2
Sat 5min
Acc 150l
Acc 200kg
Acc 1g/h/kgH2
Acc 10min
fvol
31Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
- Building an evaluation model
- Comparison between fictitious alternatives
System volume
System mass
H2 loss rate
Refuelling time
Sat 80l
Sat 60kg
Sat 0.5g/h/kgH2
Sat 5min
Acc 150l
Acc 200kg
Acc 1g/h/kgH2
Acc 10min
fmass
32Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
- Building an evaluation model
- Comparison between fictitious alternatives
System volume
System mass
H2 loss rate
Refuelling time
Sat 80l
Sat 60kg
Sat 0.5g/h/kgH2
Sat 5min
Acc 150l
Acc 200kg
Acc 1g/h/kgH2
Acc 10min
frefuel
33Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
- Building an evaluation model
- Comparison between fictitious alternatives
System volume
System mass
H2 loss rate
Refuelling time
Sat 80l
Sat 60kg
Sat 0.5g/h/kgH2
Sat 5min
Acc 150l
Acc 200kg
Acc 1g/h/kgH2
Acc 10min
floss
34Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
- Building an evaluation model
- Comparison between fictitious alternatives
(ranking)
fvol gt fmass gt frefuel gt floss
(example)
- Difference of attractiveness between fictitious
alternatives
no difference very weak weak moderat
e strong very strong extreme
?
fvol gt fmass gt frefuel gt floss
(example)
35Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
- Building an evaluation model
- M-MACBETH software processing scale constants
calculation
(example)
Scale constants
36Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
- Providing recommendations
- The RD effort for each storage technology is
then identified taking into account the
priorities for the car manufacturer
37Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
- Providing recommendations
- The RD effort for each storage technology is
then identified taking into account the
priorities for the car manufacturer
38Content
- Hydrogen, one possible solution to overcome
global warming and climate change - Hydrogen storage, a key issue for automotive
applications - Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles - STORHY, a European project
- Structuring the context of the evaluation
actors, alternatives, criteria, boundaries - Elaborating evaluation models using MACBETH
method - Providing recommendations
- Conclusions and perspectives
39Conclusions and perspectives
- The evaluation of hydrogen storage technologies
is a multicriteria evaluation problematic - The implementation of multicriteria
evaluation-aiding methods can help researchers
and car manufacturers in evaluating and
orientating hydrogen RD by - Expressing acceptable and satisfying
performance levels for one specific final
application - Positioning hydrogen technologies in comparison
with technical targets - Identifying RD priorities for each technology
40- Thank you for your attention
- Discussions