An MCDA approach for evaluating hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles

1
An MCDA approach for evaluating hydrogen storage
systems for future vehicles
2nd Decision Deck Workshop February 2008,
21-22 LAMSADE - Université Paris Dauphine

• Florent MONTIGNAC1, Isabelle NOIROT1, Serge
  CHAUDOURNE1
• Vincent MOUSSEAU2, Denis BOUYSSOU2, Mohammed Ali
  ALOULOU2, Sébastien DAMART2, Benjamin ROUSVAL2
• 1CEA - French Atomic Energy Commission, Hydrogen
  Technologies Department (DTH)
• 17 rue des Martyrs 38054 Grenoble - France
• 2LAMSADE, Université Paris Dauphine
• Place du Maréchal De Lattre de Tassigny 75 775
  Paris - France
• florent.montignac_at_cea.fr

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Content

• Hydrogen, one possible solution to overcome
  global warming and climate change
• Hydrogen storage, a key issue for automotive
  applications
• Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
  hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
• STORHY, a European project
• Structuring the context of the evaluation
  actors, alternatives, criteria, boundaries
• Elaborating evaluation models using MACBETH
  method
• Providing recommendations
• Conclusions and perspectives

3
Content

• Hydrogen, one possible solution to overcome
  global warming and climate change
• Hydrogen storage, a key issue for automotive
  applications
• Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
  hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
• STORHY, a European project
• Structuring the context of the evaluation
  actors, alternatives, criteria, boundaries
• Elaborating evaluation models using MACBETH
  method
• Providing recommendations
• Conclusions and perspectives

4
Hydrogen, one possible solution to overcome
global warming and climate change

• Climate change a realty directly correlated to
  greenhouse gases emissions from human activity

and consequences
Causes
Source IPCC 2007
Source IPCC 2007
5
Hydrogen, one possible solution to overcome
global warming and climate change

• Transport is one of the main sources of
  greenhouse gases emissions there is a need to
  reduce the emissions in this domain

Greenhouse gas emissions by sectors in Europe in
2005
Source EEA
6
Hydrogen, one possible solution to overcome
global warming and climate change

• Hydrogen is a non carbonated energy carrier
• Its conversion into energy does not produce any
  greenhouse gas
• The conversion of hydrogen using Fuel Cells
  produces electricity, heat and water

H2
Source CEA
H2 ? 2H2e-
2H ½ O22e-? H2O
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Hydrogen, one possible solution to overcome
global warming and climate change

• Moreover, hydrogen can be produced from CO2 free
  primary energy sources such as nuclear energy and
  renewable energies

Sources CEA, Air Liquide, UTRC
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Content

• Hydrogen, one possible solution to overcome
  global warming and climate change
• Hydrogen storage, a key issue for automotive
  applications
• Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
  hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
• STORHY, a European project
• Structuring the context of the evaluation
  actors, alternatives, criteria, boundaries
• Elaborating evaluation models using MACBETH
  method
• Providing recommendations
• Conclusions and perspectives

9
Hydrogen storage, a key issue for automotive
applications

• Hydrogen gas is characterized by a high
  gravimetric energy density but a very low
  volumetric energy density at ambient temperature
  and pressure

Crude Gasoline Diesel LPG H2 (1 bar)
Gravimetric energy density (MJ/kg) 42.0 43.2 43.1 46.0 120.1
Volumetric energy density (GJ/m3) 34.5 32.2 35.8 27.6 0.011
There is a need to increase the volumetric energy
density of hydrogen
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Hydrogen storage, a key issue for automotive
applications

• In order to improve the volumetric energy
  density, hydrogen can be stored as a compressed
  gas, as a cryogenic liquid, or stored in solid
  materials

H2
Compressed gas
Cryogenic liquid
Storage in solid materials
Source UTRC
Source Linde
Source Dynetek
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Hydrogen storage, a key issue for automotive
applications

• Each one of these technologies has specific
  advantages and drawbacks

None of these technologies is completely
satisfactory for the moment Needs in Research
Development Needs in terms of evaluation
Advantages Drawbacks
Compressed gas Mature technology Similar manufacturing process as compressed natural gas (CNG) Interesting gravimetric energy density Draft regulations Energy needed for the compression Low conformability (cylindrical shape) Costs (carbon fibre)
Cryogenic liquid Interesting volumetric energy density Potentially high gravimetric energy density Hydrogen losses (4 per day) Energy needed for hydrogen liquefaction Draft regulations Costs
Storage in solid materials High volumetric energy density Potentially safer than the other technologies Not mature (lab scale materials research) Low gravimetric energy density Heat management, refuelling time
Source Dynetek
Source Linde
Source UTRC
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Content

• Hydrogen, one possible solution to overcome
  global warming and climate change
• Hydrogen storage, a key issue for automotive
  applications
• Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
  hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
• STORHY, a European project
• Structuring the context of the evaluation
  actors, alternatives, criteria, boundaries
• Elaborating evaluation models using MACBETH
  method
• Providing recommendations
• Conclusions and perspectives

13
Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles

• STORHY Hydrogen Storage Systems for Automotive
  Applications

An Integrated Project within the EU FP6
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Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles

• STORHY Hydrogen Storage Systems for Automotive
  Applications

Objective Investigate advanced technological
solutions for each one of the three main hydrogen
storage methods - Compressed gas hydrogen
storage at 700 bars - Cryogenic liquid
lightweight conformable storage systems -
Storage in solid materials investigate new
lightweight hydrides
Structure
Car manufacturers
Technical development
Transversal activities
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Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles

1. Structuring the context of the evaluation

Options
Evaluation criteria

1. Building an evaluation model

Performance table
Criterion g1 Criterion gi Criterion gn
Option a1 g1(a1)

Option aj gi(aj)

Option am gn(am)
Preferences modelling
Evaluation model

1. Providing recommendations

Recommendations
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Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles

1. Structuring the context of the evaluation

• Interaction with car manufacturers in order to
  agree on
• Alternatives to be compared
• Evaluation boundaries
• Evaluation criteria

1. Building an evaluation model

• Interaction with technical sub-projects in order
  to collect data and build performance tables
• Interaction with car manufacturers in order to
  model their preferences

1. Providing recommendations

• Interaction with car manufacturers in order to
  validate the outputs of the evaluation models

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Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles

1. Structuring the context of the evaluation

• Evaluation boundaries and evaluation domains

Risks, regulations and standards
Production
Technical performance
Social acceptance
Storage system Compressed, liquid, solid
Refuelling
Final use
Recycling
Costs
Environmental impacts
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Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles

1. Structuring the context of the evaluation

• Technical performance hypotheses

• Evaluation criteria
• System volume (l)
• System mass (kg)
• Refuelling time (min)
• Hydrogen loss rate (g/h/kgH2)

• Final application
• Fuel cell vehicle 6kg of H2

The evaluation method is illustrated in the case
of 3 hydrogen storage technologies T1, T2 and T3
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Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles

1. Structuring the context of the evaluation

• The evaluation model is built using the MACBETH
  method ( Measuring Attractiveness by a
  Categorical Based Evaluation TecHnique ).
• M-MACBETH Decision Support System available at
  www.m-macbeth.com
• This method is being implemented in public
  policies, quality management, investment
  strategies
• MACBETH relies on a cardinal multicriteria
  aggregation procedure
• This procedure is implemented through interactive
  exchanges with the decision makers

Raw performance
Normalized scales of attractiveness
Scale constants
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Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles

1. Building an evaluation model

• Step 1 raw performance (physical scales)

Raw performance
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Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles

1. Building an evaluation model

• Performance table obtained from prototypes
  specifications and system level extrapolations

System volume (l) System mass (kg) Refuelling time (min) H2 loss rate (g/h/kgH2)
T1 250 140 4 0
T2 200 110 3 16
T3 100 380 20 0
FC Vehicle 6kg H2
(example)
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Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles

1. Building an evaluation model

• Step 2 normalized scales

Normalized scales of attractiveness
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Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles

1. Building an evaluation model

• Definition of reference levels for each criterion

Criterion gi
RD effort on this criterion is not necessary for
the technology
Satisfying level
RD is still necessary to reach satisfying
performance level on the studied criterion
Acceptable level
A major RD effort is necessary to allow the
adoption of the technology
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Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles

1. Building an evaluation model

• Definition of reference levels for each criterion

FC Vehicle 6kg H2
Criterion System volume
(example)
RD effort on this criterion is not necessary for
the technology
Satisfying level 80l
(example)
RD is still necessary to reach satisfying
performance level on the studied criterion
T3 100l
Acceptable level 150l
(example)
A major RD effort is necessary to allow the
adoption of the technology
T2 200l
T1 250l
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Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles

1. Building an evaluation model

FC Vehicle 6kg H2

• Definition of reference levels for each criterion

(example)
System volume
System mass
H2 loss rate
Refuelling time
T2 3min
T1/T3 0
T1 4min
Sat 80l
Sat 60kg
Sat 0.5g/h/kgH2
Sat 5min
(example)
(example)
(example)
(example)
T2 110kg
T3 100l
T1 140kg
Acc 150l
Acc 200kg
Acc 1g/h/kgH2
Acc 10min
(example)
(example)
(example)
(example)
T2 200l
T2 16g/h/kgH2
T3 20min
T3 380kg
T1 250l
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Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles

1. Building an evaluation model

• Difference of attractiveness between options

Criterion System volume
Satisfying level 80l
 no difference   very weak   weak   moderat
e   strong   very strong   extreme 
T3 100l
?
Acceptable level 150l
T2 200l
T1 250l
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Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles

1. Building an evaluation model

• Difference of attractiveness between options

M-MACBETH software processing
(example)
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Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles

1. Building an evaluation model

• Normalized scales of attractiveness

System volume
System mass
H2 loss rate
Refuelling time
T2
T1/T3
T1
Sat 100
Sat 100
Sat 100
Sat 100
T2
T3
T1
Acc 0
Acc 0
Acc 0
Acc 0
T2
T2
T3
T3
T1
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Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles

1. Building an evaluation model

• Step 3 scale constants

Scale constants
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Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles

1. Building an evaluation model

• Comparison between fictitious alternatives

System volume
System mass
H2 loss rate
Refuelling time
Sat 80l
Sat 60kg
Sat 0.5g/h/kgH2
Sat 5min
Acc 150l
Acc 200kg
Acc 1g/h/kgH2
Acc 10min
fvol
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Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles

1. Building an evaluation model

• Comparison between fictitious alternatives

System volume
System mass
H2 loss rate
Refuelling time
Sat 80l
Sat 60kg
Sat 0.5g/h/kgH2
Sat 5min
Acc 150l
Acc 200kg
Acc 1g/h/kgH2
Acc 10min
fmass
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Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles

1. Building an evaluation model

• Comparison between fictitious alternatives

System volume
System mass
H2 loss rate
Refuelling time
Sat 80l
Sat 60kg
Sat 0.5g/h/kgH2
Sat 5min
Acc 150l
Acc 200kg
Acc 1g/h/kgH2
Acc 10min
frefuel
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Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles

1. Building an evaluation model

• Comparison between fictitious alternatives

System volume
System mass
H2 loss rate
Refuelling time
Sat 80l
Sat 60kg
Sat 0.5g/h/kgH2
Sat 5min
Acc 150l
Acc 200kg
Acc 1g/h/kgH2
Acc 10min
floss
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Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles

1. Building an evaluation model

• Comparison between fictitious alternatives
  (ranking)

fvol gt fmass gt frefuel gt floss
(example)

• Difference of attractiveness between fictitious
  alternatives

 no difference   very weak   weak   moderat
e   strong   very strong   extreme 
?
fvol gt fmass gt frefuel gt floss
(example)
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Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles

1. Building an evaluation model

• M-MACBETH software processing scale constants
  calculation

(example)
Scale constants
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Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles

1. Providing recommendations

• The RD effort for each storage technology is
  then identified taking into account the
  priorities for the car manufacturer

37
Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles

1. Providing recommendations

• The RD effort for each storage technology is
  then identified taking into account the
  priorities for the car manufacturer

38
Content

• Hydrogen, one possible solution to overcome
  global warming and climate change
• Hydrogen storage, a key issue for automotive
  applications
• Implementation of an MCDA approach for evaluating
  hydrogen storage systems for future vehicles
• STORHY, a European project
• Structuring the context of the evaluation
  actors, alternatives, criteria, boundaries
• Elaborating evaluation models using MACBETH
  method
• Providing recommendations
• Conclusions and perspectives

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Conclusions and perspectives

• The evaluation of hydrogen storage technologies
  is a multicriteria evaluation problematic
• The implementation of multicriteria
  evaluation-aiding methods can help researchers
  and car manufacturers in evaluating and
  orientating hydrogen RD by
• Expressing acceptable and satisfying
  performance levels for one specific final
  application
• Positioning hydrogen technologies in comparison
  with technical targets
• Identifying RD priorities for each technology

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• Thank you for your attention
• Discussions