Access Changes Everything

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Access Changes Everything

• The Benefits of Open Access and Open Semantics
  for Researchers

Leslie Carr Intelligence, Agents and Multimedia
Group University of Southampton
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(No Transcript)
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Salutary Warning

• A scholar is just a librarys way of making
  another library
• Daniel Dennett, Consciousness Explained

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Thanks to Tim Brody and Stevan Harnad
(Southampton University)
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Outline

• Open Access
• Visionary Foundations
• Rationale Research Impact
• Effect of Open Access on Research Impact
• Tools and Services
• Initiatives
• Semantic Web
• Introduction
• Resource Description
• Examples
• Concluding Thoughts

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Open Access

• Visionary Foundations

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H. G. Wells, World Brain The Idea of a Permanent
World EncyclopaediaEncyclopédie Française,
August, 1937

• encyclopaedias of the past sufficed for the needs
  of a cultivated minority
• universal education was unthought of
• gigantic increase in recorded knowledge
• more gigantic growth in the numbers of human
  beings requiring accurate and easily accessible
  information

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Permanent World Encyclopaedia

• Discontented with the role of universities and
  libraries in the intellectual life of mankind
• Universities multiply but do not enlarge their
  scope
• thought knowledge organization of the world
• No obstacle to the creation of an efficient index
  to all human knowledge, ideas and achievements

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Vannevar Bush, As We May ThinkAtlantic Monthly,
July 1945

• Director of the Office of Scientific Research and
  Development in USA, coordinating 6,000 American
  scientists during WWII
• Turns to making our bewildering store of
  knowledge more accessible
• For many years inventions have extended mans
  physical powers rather than the powers of his
  mind.

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Memex

• The Memex (never built) was to be a mechanised
  device to allow a library user to
• consult all kinds of written material
• organize it in any way the user wanted
• add private comments and link documents together
  at will.
• A personal library station which held all written
  articles and journals on microfilm.
• system of levers allowed users to add links
• create trails

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Doug Engelbart

• Inventor of the mouse, was inspired by Bushs
  article.
• Computers were too expensive to be used
  interactively and for non-numeric tasks
• Augment project (1962) to develop computer tools
  to augment human capabilities and productivity

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Ted Nelson

• Hypertext is more than text (1965)
• Literature is a system of interconnected
  documents
• Project Xanadu was a global literature a
  repository of documents, their multiple versions
  and their interconnections.

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Stevan Harnad, ScholarlySkywriting,
Psychological Science (1990).

• Internet provides improvements in storing and
  communicating ideas.
• The reward is improvement in generating ideas
  research.
• Greatest reward is the possibility of much
  greater intellectual productivity in one lifetime.

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Tim Berners-Lee

• Inventor of the WWW (1990)
• Intended as a tool for physicists at CERN
• Aim was to help quickly share research results in
  collaborative projects
• Achieved through simple document, communications
  and linking standards.
• simple standards caused rapid adoption

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Paul Ginsparg

• Creator of the Los Alamos preprint archive (1991)
• Now contains 280,000 articles
• High Energy Physics
• Computing
• Maths
• Qualitative Biology
• Founder of the Open Archiving Initiative

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Various Visions

• Wells a centralised, managed global knowledge
  repository to combat fragmenting academic
  authority.
• Bush a cross-disciplinary scholarly paradigm to
  combat fragmenting scientific knowledge.
• Engelbart computers augment productivity
• Nelson computers create a global literature
• Harnad Internet to boost personal research
  impact
• Berners-Lee low-impact, standards-based
  document dissemination for scientific research
• Ginsparg Web to speed up personal scientific
  communication against publication delays

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Fast Forward to Open Access

• The Optimal and Inevitable for Researchers.
• The entire full-text refereed corpus online
• On every researchers desktop, everywhere
• 24 hours a day
• All papers citation-interlinked
• Fully searchable, navigable, retrievable
• For free, for all, forever

Stevan Harnad, Les CarrOpCit International DLI
Project Proposal (1999)
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Open Access

• Rationale

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Open Archiving Initiative

• Initially UPS Universal Preprint Service
• discussions initiated by Los Alamos HEP archive
  (Paul Ginsparg)
• Inaugural meeting October 1999, Santa Fe
• Protocols to facilitate exchange of metadata
• HTTP / XML Schema / Dublin Core
• Data provider / service provider distinction

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EPrint Archiving Software

• A simple, turnkey environment for setting up an
  OAI compliant archive
• Self archiving
• Institutional archives
• (other software available DSpace, Fedora etc)

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The Literature As We Imagine

• Integrated
• Available

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The Literature As It Is

• Disjoint
• Inaccessible

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Twin Peaks Problem
Harvards
financial firewalls
Access
Impact
Have-Nots
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The Research-Impact Cycle

• Open access to research output
• maximizes
• research access
• maximizing (and accelerating)
• research impact
• (hence also research productivity
• and research progress
• and their rewards)

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Impact cycle begins Research is done
Researchers write pre-refereeing Pre-Print
Submitted to Journal
12-18 Months
Pre-Print reviewed by Peer Experts Peer-Review
Pre-Print revised by articles Authors
Refereed Post-Print Accepted, Certified,
Published by Journal
Researchers can access the Post-Print if their
university has a subscription to the Journal
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Impact cycle begins Research is done
Researchers write pre-refereeing Pre-Print
Submitted to Journal
12-18 Months
Pre-Print reviewed by Peer Experts Peer-Review
Pre-Print revised by articles Authors
Refereed Post-Print Accepted, Certified,
Published by Journal
Researchers can access the Post-Print if their
university has a subscription to the Journal
New impact cycles New research builds on
existing research
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Research Impact

• measures the size of a research contribution to
  further research (publish or perish)
• generates further research funding
• contributes to the research productivity and
  financial support of the researchers institution
• advances the researchers career
• promotes research progress

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Open Access

• Effect on Research Impact

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Online or Invisible? (Lawrence 2001)

• average of 336 more citations to online
  articles compared to offline articles published
  in the same venue
• Lawrence, S. (2001) Free online availability
  substantially increases a paper's impact Nature
  411 (6837) 521.
• http//www.neci.nec.com/lawrence/papers/online-na
  ture01/

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Open vs non-Open Impact(All Physics)
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Open vs non-Open Impact(Nuclear Physics)
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Open vs non-Open Impact(Chemical Physics)
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Open vs non-Open Impact(General Physics)
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Research Assessment, Research Funding, and
Citation Impact

• Correlation between RAE ratings and mean
  departmental citations 0.91 (1996) 0.86 (2001)
  (Psychology)
• RAE and citation counting measure broadly the
  same thing
• Citation counting is both more cost-effective
  and more transparent
• (Eysenck Smith 2002)
  
• http//psyserver.pc.rhbnc.ac.uk/citations.pdf

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Time-Course of Citations (red) and Usage (hits,
green)Witten, Edward (1998) String Theory and
Noncommutative Geometry Adv. Theor. Math. Phys.
2 253
1. Preprint or Postprint appears. 2. It is
downloaded (and sometimes read). 3. Eventually
citations may follow (for more important
papers). 4. This generates more downloads, etc.
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Usage Impact is correlated with Citation Impact
(Physics ArXiv hep, astro, cond, quantum math,
comp)http//citebase.eprints.org/analysis/correla
tion.php

• (Quartiles Q1 (lo) - Q4 (hi))
• All r.27, n219328
• Q1 (lo) r.26, n54832
• Q2 r.18, n54832
• Q3 r.28, n54832
• Q4 (hi) r.34, n54832
• hep r.33, n74020
• Q1 (lo) r.23, n18505
• Q2 r.23, n18505
• Q3 r.30, n18505
• Q4 (hi) r.50, n18505
• (correlation is highest for high-citation
  papers/authors)

Most papers are not cited at all
Average UK downloads per paper 10 (UK site
only 18 mirror sites in all)
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Some old and new scientometric (publish or
perish) indices ofresearch impact

• Peer-review quality-level and citation-counts of
  the journal in which the article appears
• citation-counts for the article
• citation-counts for the researcher
• co-citations, co-text, semantic web (cited with
  whom/what else?)
• citation-counts for the preprint
• usage-measures (hits, webmetrics)
• time-course analyses, early predictors, etc. etc.

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Open Access

• Tools and Services

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Tools for(a) creating OAI-compliant university
eprint archives(b) parsing and finding cited
references on the web, (c) reference-linking
eprint archives, (d) doing scientometric
analyses of research impact,(e) creating
OAI-compliant open-access journals

• http//software.eprints.org
• http//paracite.eprints.org/
• http//opcit.eprints.org/evaluation/Citebase-evalu
  ation/evaluation-report.html
• http//citebase.eprints.org/help/
• http//psycprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/

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Citation Linking Service

• Reference links on PDF copies of papers
• PDF technology from Open Journals Project, David
  Brailsford, Steve Probets, David Evans

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Citation-Ranked Search Service

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Citation Visualisation Service
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Open Access

• Initiatives

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The Budapest Open Access Initiative
Two open-access strategies Gold and Green
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The two open-access strategiesGold and Green

• Open-Access Publishing
• (OApub) (BOAI-2)
• Create or Convert 23,000 open-access journals
  (1000 exist currently)
• Find funding support for open-access publication
  costs (500-1500)
• Persuade the authors of the annual 2,500,000
  articles to publish in new open-access journals
  instead of the existing toll-access journals

• Open-Access Self-Archiving
• (OAarch) (BOAI-1)
• Persuade the authors of the annual 2,500,000
  articles they publish in the existing toll-access
  journals to also self-archive them in their
  institutional open-access archives.

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Berlin Declarationon Open Access to Knowledge
in the Sciences and Humanitieshttp//www.zim.mpg
.de/openaccess-berlin/berlindeclaration.html

• The pertinent passages
• Open access means
• 1. free... online, full-text access
• 2. A complete version of the open-access
  work... is deposited...
• in at least one online repository... to
  enable open access, unrestricted distribution,
  OAI interoperability, and long-term archiving.
• We intend to... encourage.. our
  researchers/grant recipients to
• publish their work according to the principles
  of... open access.

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What is needed for open access now

• Universities Adopt a university-wide policy of
  making all university research output open access
  (via either the gold or green strategy)
• Departments Create and fill departmental
  OAI-compliant open-access archives
• University Libraries Provide digital library
  support for research self-archiving and
  open-access archive-maintenance.
• Promotion Committees Require a standardized
  online CV from all candidates, with refereed
  publications all linked to their full-texts in
  the open-access journal archives and/or
  departmental open-access archives
• Research Funders Mandate open access for all
  funded research (via either the gold or green
  strategy). Fund (fixed, fair) open-access journal
  peer-review service charges. Assess research and
  researcher impact online (from the online CVs).
• Publishers Become either gold or green.

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RoMEO Directory of Publishers who have given
theirGreen Light to Self-Archivinghttp//www.she
rpa.ac.uk/romeo.phphttp//romeo.eprints.org

Proportion of journals already formally giving
their green light to author/institution
self-archiving (already 83) continues to grow
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• Percentage of green PUBLISHERS grew from
  42 - 58 from 2003-2004
• Percentage of green JOURNALS grew from
  55 - 83 from 2003-2004

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OAIster, a cross-archive search engine, now
covers over 250 OAI Archives (about half of them
Eprints.org Archives) indexing over 3 million
items (but not all research papers, and not all
full-texts). http//oaister.umdl.umich.edu/o/oaist
er/
but there are 2.5 million journal articles
published per year!
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Declaration of Institutional Commitmentto
implementingthe Berlin Declaration on
open-access provision

• Our institution hereby commits itself to adopting
  and implementing an official institutional policy
  of providing open access to our own peer-reviewed
  research output -- i.e., toll-free, full-text
  online access, for all would-be users webwide --
  in accordance with the Budapest Open Access
  Initiative and the Berlin Declaration
• UNIFIED OPEN-ACCESS PROVISION POLICY
• (OAJ) Researchers publish their research
  in an open-access journal if a suitable one
  exists
  
• otherwise
• (OAA) Researchers publish their research
  in a suitable toll-access journal and also
  self-archive it in their own research
  institution's open-access research archive.
• To sign http//www.eprints.org/signup/sign.php
• A JISC survey (Swan Brown 2004) "asked authors
  to say how they would feel if their employer or
  funding body required them to deposit copies of
  their published articles in one or more
  repositories. The vast majority... said they
  would do so willingly.
• http//www.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_documents/JISCOAre
  port1.pdf

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Semantic Web

• Introduction

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Archiving More than Articles

• Metadata collection and distribution
• Basis of OAI
• But extra effort for researcher

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Semantic Web

• W3C activity to improve Web resources
• By providing metadata
• Formal descriptions of resources
• Based on strict standards
• RDF - Resource Description Format
• RDF(S) - Schema Language for defining types or
  resources and types of properties
• OWL - Ontology language for more complex
  relationships

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Old Web Service

• Web server sends a document to a user

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Modern Web Services

• Web server sends data to a program

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Semantic Web

• Semantic web provides resources to users and
  their semantics to computers

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Semantic Web

• Resource Description

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RDF Metadata

• Data about data
• information about documents
• title, author, journal, date, keywords
• information about people
• role, history, salary, expertise
• information about exhibits
• catalogue number, price, date, artist
• information about metadata
• validity, purpose, compiler, authority

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Catalogue information. artist, title of the
image or picture, date acquired,
dimensions. Syntactic content. primitive
features, e.g. colour, texture and
shapes. Semantic content. what its supposed to
represent, e.g. painting of a landscape or a
representation of happiness.
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RDF Model
http//www.w3c.org/Intro.html
Author
Tim Berners-Lee
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RDF Model
http//www.w3c.org/Intro.html
predicate
Author
subject
Tim Berners-Lee
object
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RDF Model
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Semantic Web Examples

• Example Projects
• CSAKTive Space
• Web Photos
• Ontologies
• Role of ontologies
• How they dovetail in with OAI
• Dspace / SIMILE
• Bridging the semantic gap

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CS AKTive Space

• Integrating info from
• Eprint archives
• Home pages
• Funding agencies

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Web Conference Photo

• Attendees upload photos for public display
• Can then be publicly annotated
• List of known people collected
• community

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Web Photo RDF Model

• Ontologies used
• Dublin Core
• Friend-of-a-Friend
• Creative Commons Rights Management
• Geographical Locations
• Calendar Events

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Simile

• DSpace / MIT / HP / W3C Semantic Web and Digital
  Library project
• Many resources in many sites catalogued with
  different schemes for different purposes
• Use ontologies to switch between domains and
  perform cross-domain searches

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Simile Scenario
(Taken from Dspace User Group slides)

• Started on ARTstor island
• SUBJECT Abstract

Roamed around island SUBJECT Abstract, CREATOR
Gorky
Travelled over Gorky bridge to OCW
island CREATOR Gorky, IS PART OF ...
Found resource not on ARTstor island
Travelled over Graham bridge
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Semantic Web raison detre

• Bridging between resources
• Through shared semantics of metadata
• Made possible by ontologies

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Lessons for Open Access

• Collect and organise metadata
• and explain to authors the benefits of their
  investments
• Researchers become responsible maintainers of
  their output
• For sharing with their community
• For sharing with posterity
• Build value-added services that build on shared
  agreements about meaning

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Final Thoughts

• Open access improves science
• Network effect
• more participants -gt better services
• Just do it!
• But start with small steps