Impacts of acid rain and ozone on vegetation in the

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Impacts of acid rain and ozone on vegetation in
the Greater Mekong Sub region
Lisa Emberson
Patrick Büker, Tim Morrissey, Kevin Hicks, Johan
Kuylenstierna, Steve Cinderby, Mike Ashmore,
David Simpson, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Mark Zunckel,
Miles Sowden, Barabara Badu, Vanessa Walsh
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Talk outline
Why worry about air pollution impacts on
vegetation ? Air pollution risk assessment
methods for application in GMS - Modelling
methods - Experimental methods -
Bio-monitoring methods Application incorporating
additional stresses ? - Climate change -
Hydrological stress
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Talk outline
Why worry about air pollution impacts on
vegetation ? Air pollution risk assessment
methods for application in GMS - Modelling
methods - Experimental methods -
Bio-monitoring methods Application incorporating
additional stresses ? - Climate change -
Hydrological stress
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Why worry about air pollution impacts on
vegetation ?
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Why worry about air pollution impacts on
vegetation ?
At low concentrations can stimulate growth
via fertilization effect Dependant upon
chemical composition of particles
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Why worry about air pollution impacts on
vegetation ?
At low concentrations can stimulate growth
via fertilization effect Dependant upon
chemical composition of particles
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Why worry about air pollution impacts on
vegetation ?
Decline of Veitchs silver fir and maries fir.
Japan (courtesy of T. Izuta)
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Observational evidence of soil acidification in
China similar to Europe
Change in soil pH 1960 1994 at Zhurongfeng in
S. China Dai et al. 1998
The decrease in soil pH between 1927 to 1982-83
in a beech and spruce forest in southern Sweden
(Hallbäcken and Tamm, 1985)
No real evidence in other parts of Asia
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Why worry about air pollution impacts on
vegetation ?
O3 injury to rice, Pakistan (courtesy of A. Wahid)
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Current surface ozone in 2000
Dentener et al. (2006)
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? in surface ozone between 2000 and 2030 current
legislation scenario
Dentener et al. (2006)
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Talk outline
Why worry about air pollution impacts on
vegetation ? Air pollution risk assessment
methods for application in GMS - Modelling
methods Acid Deposition - Experimental methods
- Bio-monitoring methods Application
incorporating additional stresses ? - Climate
change - Hydrological stress
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• What methods exist to estimate risk?
• Critical Load approach deposition compared to
  threshold (CL)
• 2. Dynamic models limited application except in
  China for some sites

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Exceedance of critical loads a static expression
of risk but is it real?
time dimension issue acidification has not
occurred for long enough for clear impacts to be
seen?
Estimated exceedance of acidification CL of S
only (Kuylenstierna et al. 2000)
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Serious acidification effects not likely to
occur in next few decades in Asia except in
China Henning Rodhe
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Estimates time development of acidification as a
function of continued acidic deposition and
variation in soil sensitivity over time
Hicks et al. in prep
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Talk outline
Why worry about air pollution impacts on
vegetation ? Air pollution risk assessment
methods for application in GMS - Modelling
methods - Experimental methods surface
ozone - Bio-monitoring methods Application
incorporating additional stresses ? - Climate
change - Hydrological stress
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Assessing O3 impacts to species/ cultivars
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Experimental Methods

• individual pollutants pollutant combinations
• establish dose response relationships
• pollutant interactions with other stresses

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Experimental Methods

• individual pollutants pollutant combinations
• establish dose response relationships
• pollutant interactions with other stresses

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Assessing O3 impacts to species/ cultivars
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(53 ppb)
Annual mean 7hr annual mean 7hr
growing season mean AOT40
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7 hr mean dose response relationships for
different species including rice
cf. Wang Mauzerall 2004
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AOT40 relationship with wheat (Triticum aestivum)
grain yield
(Fuhrer, 1996)

• Most robust AOT40 relationship
• 17 experiments, 6 countries, 10 growing
  seasons, 10 cultivars
• Critical Level AOT40 of 3, 000 ppb.h.
  corresponding to 5 yield loss (99
• confidence) calculated over a 3 month growing
  period

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Talk outline
Why worry about air pollution impacts on
vegetation ? Air pollution risk assessment
methods for application in GMS - Experimental
methods - Modelling methods surface ozone -
Bio-monitoring methods Application incorporating
additional stresses ? - Climate change -
Hydrological stress
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How can we estimate air pollution impacts?
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Modelling methods
3 month AOT40 simulations calculated with the
MATCH model
Engardt pers. comm., Emberson et al. in press
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Modelling methods
BUT Are these areas identified as being at risk
from ground level ozone correct? How good is
the provisional risk assessment modelling?
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Modelling methods
How good is the regional ozone concentration data?
What are the receptors most at risk?
How well can AQGs protect local species and
varieties?
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Talk outline
Why worry about air pollution impacts on
vegetation ? Air pollution risk assessment
methods for application in GMS - Experimental
methods - Modelling methods - Bio-monitoring
methods surface ozone Application
incorporating additional stresses ? - Climate
change - Hydrological stress
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Bio-monitoring
Bio-monitoring and Chemical Protectant Studies
Buse et al. 2002/2003

• Established bio-indicator in Europe and North
  America
• Sensitive and resistant clones so can assess
  magnitude of air pollution impacts on visible
  injury biomass.

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Bio-monitoring
Bio-monitoring and Chemical Protectant Studies
Pakistan soybean cv. NARC-1 showing protective
effect of EDU at a roadside rural site in Lahore,
Pakistan (photo courtesy of A. Wahid)
EDU suppresses acute and chronic ozone injury on
a variety of plants under ambient O3 conditions
(Godzik Manning, 1998)
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Bio-monitoring

• All Bio-monitoring sites
• Microloggers for ToC RH (30 min)
• Ozone passive samplers (2 week)

• At select sites
• Solar radiation, photosynthetically active
  radiation (PAR)
• Continuous ozone monitoring (hourly)
• Soil water content
• Plant physiological parameters
• e.g. Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, leaf
  area index, biochemical analysis (e.g. heavy
  metals, protein content.)

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Bio-monitoring
RAPIDC Project funded by Sida Regional Air
Pollution in Developing Countries
Provisional Risk Assessment Clover clone
bio-monitoring
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Bio-monitoring
How good is the regional ozone concentration
data? Passive samplers, O3 monitors
What are the receptors most at risk? Local
agricultural expertise
How well can AQGs protect local species and
varieties? Bio-monitoring evaluation of damage
occurring within and outside provisionally
assessed risk areas
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Bio-monitoring
How good is the regional ozone concentration
data? Passive samplers, O3 monitors
What are the receptors most at risk? Local
agricultural expertise
How well can AQGs protect local species and
varieties? Bio-monitoring evaluation of damage
occurring within and outside provisionally
assessed risk areas
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Modelling methods

• Species type / cultivar

• Agronomic practices
• Irrigation
• Fertilizer
• Breeding programmes (selecting increased /
  reduced crop sensitivity)

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Assessing O3 impacts to species/ cultivars
AOTx Concentration
AFstY Flux
Surface Resistance Rsur
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How do we model flux the DO3SE model?
Constant R values
gt 10 cover types gt 20 species
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Assessing O3 impacts to species/ cultivars
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How do flux and concentration based risk
assessments compare? - Agriculture Crops
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How well does the flux model perform?
Emberson et al (2005)
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Bio-monitoring
The Air Pollution Crop Effect (APCEN) network

• Advise on methodological development
• To capacity build in the regions provide
  technical support to the bio-monitoring campaigns
  
• To help in translation of science to policy

RAPIDC Regional air pollution in developing
countries
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The APCEN Network
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The APCEN network
2nd APCEN workshop held in Stellenbosch, South
Africa 2006
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Talk outline
Why worry about air pollution impacts on
vegetation ? Air pollution risk assessment
methods for application in GMS - Experimental
methods - Modelling methods - Bio-monitoring
methods Application incorporating additional
stresses ? - Climate change - Hydrological
stress
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Why worry about surface ozone concentrations ?
? in surface ozone between 2030clim change and
2030 current legislation scenario and projected
2030 climate
South East Asia CLE2030c CLE2030 -0.2 0.6
Dentener et al. (2006)
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Fuhrer et al. 2005
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• FACE soybean (glycine max) experiment
• Increased O3 concentrations over two growing
  seasons by 23 - mimicking projections for 2050

Morgan et al. 2006
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Rsto 1/ (gmax fphen flight max fmin,
(ftemp fVPD fSWP))
Gmax mmol O3 m-2 s-1
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Talk outline
Why worry about air pollution impacts on
vegetation ? Air pollution risk assessment
methods for application in GMS - Experimental
methods - Modelling methods - Bio-monitoring
methods Application incorporating additional
stresses ? - Climate change - Hydrological
stress
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Future applications ?
Modelled ozone concentrations across Southern
Africa
Zunckel et al 2004
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Future applications ?
Growing season length and risk of drought in
southern Africa
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Compare ozone and drought stress to maize across
region
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Conclusions
Acid deposition may be a problem in the future in
parts of south east Asia O3 is likely to be
already causing damage to crops and forests in
the GMS ? O3 concentrations are projected to
increase relatively rapidly over the next 20 to
50 years in this region As such, there is an
urgent need to develop methods for O3 risk
assessment for the GMS region These methods
can be founded on existing experimental and
modelling techniques which would ideally be
supported by bio-monitoring evaluation In
addition, methodological selection and
development should ensure assessments can
incorporate additional stresses such as climate
change and hydrological related stresses
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Acknowledgements
This research is supported by Sida and Defra
Related projects are also supported by the EU and
START PACOM.