The Yorks

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The Yorks
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Edward IV

• Son of Richard, Duke of York who had acted as the
  Protector during Henry VIs mental illness
• Henry VI proclaimed the Duke of York heir to the
  throne
• The Duke died before he could be crowned leaving
  the crown to Edward

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Edward IV (cont.)

• After defeating Lancastrian forces, he imprisons
  King Henry VI
• The King is killed in prison
• To be safe, Edward has his own brother George,
  Duke of Clarendon murdered also
• He revived the English claim to the French throne
• The rest of his reign, however, was uneventful

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Edward IV (cont.)

• The big problem would not be for the King in his
  lifetime, but for his heirs.
• At his death, he left behind two sons (aged 12
  and 9) and 5 daughters.
• One of these daughters will help a future king
  claim the throne.

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Edward V

• Reigned only 2 months before being deposed by his
  uncle, Richard, Duke of Gloucester
• Richard had the king and his younger brother
  imprisoned in the Tower of London and declared to
  be illegitimate
• The boys were never seen again outside the Tower.

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The Little Princes

• During renovations to the Tower in 1674, the
  skeletons of two children were found, possibly
  the murdered boys.
• Reliable witnesses claim to have seen two boys
  playing together on the rampart walks of the
  tower where the boys were imprisoned.

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Richard III

• Spent much of his two-year reign trying to
  consolidate his power and outwit potential
  rivals.
• August 22, 1485 The Battle of Bosworth Field
• Richard was killed in battle the last monarch to
  die in battle
• Victory went to the army of Henry Tudor

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Richard III

• In the thick of the battle, his crown had fallen
  under a hawthorn bush. It was recovered and
  placed on Henry Tudor's head, ending the Wars of
  the Roses.

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Richard III

• The death of Richard III is considered to be the
  end of the medieval period or the Middle Ages in
  England and the arrival of the modern age.
• His death ended the Plantagenet dynasty
  (The Lancasters and Yorks were branches of the
  Plantagenets)
• History, historians and authors have not been
  kind to Richard Shakespeare portrayed him as a
  hunchbacked, club-footed monster

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Richard III (cont.)

• Richard's body was treated badly. It was stripped
  of clothes, carried rudely into Leicester, and
  unceremoniously buried there. Henry Tudor later
  donated a small sum of money for a tomb, which
  was eventually torn down--Richard's bones were
  then thrown into the river Soar.

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A New Royal Family

• The Tudors

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Henry VII

• Henry Tudor, descended from the Lancaster line,
  married Elizabeth of York This unified the two
  lines of the family and ended the rivalry

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Henry VII (cont.)

• Initially, he had to endure the Great
  Pretenders
• Lambert Simnel posed as the Earl of Warwick, but
  his army was defeated and he was eventually
  pardoned and forced to work in the king's
  kitchen. Perkin Warbeck posed as Richard of York,
  Edward V's younger brother (and co-prisoner in
  the Tower of London) Warbeck's
  support came from the continent, and after
  repeated invasion attempts, Henry had him
  imprisoned and executed.

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Henry VII (cont.)

• He established the Committee of the Privy
  Council, like the modern cabinet) as an executive
  advisory board.
• His skill at bypassing Parliament (and thus, the
  will of the nobility) played a crucial role in
  his success at renovating government.
• Henry failed to appeal to the general populace
  he maintained a distance between king and
  subject.

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Henry VII (cont.)In international affairs..

• Arranged the marriage of his eldest son,
  Arthur, to Catherine of Aragon,
  daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella.
• Remember her. Shes important.
• Arthur died within months and Henry VII secured a
  papal dispensation for Catherine
  to marry Arthur's brother Henry .

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Henry VII (cont.)In international affairs..

• The marriage of Henry's daughter, Margaret, to
  James IV of Scotland would also have later
  repercussions, as the marriage connected the
  royal families of both England and Scotland.
• Henry encouraged trade and commerce by
  subsidizing ship building and entering into
  lucrative trade agreements, thereby increasing
  the wealth of both crown and nation.

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Henry VII (cont.)

• Henry VII would reestablish the monarchy to its
  powerful status.
• When he died, his second son, Henry assumed the
  throne.

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Henry VIII

• Matters of state were left in the hands of
  others, most notably Thomas Wolsey, Archbishop of
  York.

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Cardinal Wolsey by John Gilbert, 1886,
watercolor, 60x36
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Henry VIII (cont.) Early Years

• ...invaded France.
• defeated Scottish forces at the Battle of
  Foldden Field (in which James IV of Scotland was
  slain).
• ...wrote a treatise denouncing Martin Luther's
  Reformist ideals, for which the pope awarded
  Henry the title "Defender of the Faith".

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However there was also that uh thing about
the wives.
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Wife 1Catherine of Aragon

• Widow of Henry VIIIs brother, Arthur
• Spanish princess
• Devout Catholic
• Several still-born and miscarried pregnancies.
• One daughter the Princess Mary
• Henry sent Wolsey to obtain a Papal annulment
  from Pope Clement VI
• Annulment denied.

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Marriage Ended in

• Divorce

She was sent off to a castle in the middle of
nowhere.
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Henrys decision to divorce Catherine would have
an impact not only on his personal lifebut also
the country as a whole. Ultimately, during his
reign, 120 people per month were being executed
in England.
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Church of England

• After breaking with the Catholic church, Henry
  created the Church of England
• The monarch was the head of the church
• The Archbishop of Canterbury was the top church
  official.
• Monks, priests, nuns, etc. were forced to choose
  often with dire consequences if they did not
  accept the new faith.

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Glastonbury Abbey

• When the monks there refused to accept the Church
  of England, it was destroyed and several of the
  monks killed. The gold and other valuables as
  well as the land were given to Henrys supporters.

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Sir Thomas More

• Philosopher, statesman and cleric
• Author of Utopia
• Henry VIII liked More
• More didnt like Henry VIII
• Promoted to Lord Chancellor
• When Henry broke with the Catholic church, More
  retired citing ill health
• He refused to attend the wedding of Henry and
  Anne Boleyn a major faux pas

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Wife 2Anne Boleyn

• Anne was pregnant when Henry married her.
• Just as with Catherine, only one surviving child,
  a daughter, the Princess Elizabeth

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Sir Thomas More (cont.)

• Condemed for treason by not accepting the Act of
  Supremecy
• Imprisoned in the Tower of London
• Executed and his head stuck on London Bridge
  where it stayed several months until his daughter
  bought it
• Canonized in 1866

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Anne Boleyn (cont.)

• Anne would die less than a year after More.
• Trumped-up charges of infidelity led to her
  execution.

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Wife 3Jane Seymour

• Henry married her the same month Anne was
  executed
• Gave birth to a son, the Prince Edward
• Died from complications of childbirth

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Wife 4Anne of Cleves

• An arranged marriage with the German princess
• First sent a painter, Hans Holbein, to bring him
  a portrait
• When he met her, he found her ugly compared her
  face to a horse
• Marriage was never consummated and she was
  divorced with a cash payment
• Last living wife of Henry VIII

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Wife 5Catherine Howard

• A very friendly woman of the court
• Executed for infidelity less than 2 years after
  marriage
• Unlike Anne Boleyns charges, the one against
  Catherine were true and probably fewer than the
  true number

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Wife 6Catherine Parr

• Provided loving support for both Henry and his
  children until his death in 1547.

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Divorced, beheaded died, Divorced, beheaded,
survived
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Edward VI

• Ascended the throne at age 9
• Growing radical protestant movements worked to
  gain the upper hand in influence
• Book of Common Prayer (1549) served as a handbook
  of the Anglican faith.
• The Book tried to skirt hard-core issues to
  appease Catholics but angered extremist
  protestants

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Edward VI (cont.)

• Major problem of unemployment (lots of former
  church workers out of jobs)
• Edward came under the influence of John Dudley,
  Duke of Northumberland
• Dudley gained power and became the virtual ruler
  of England he confiscated church land for
  self/friends
• Edward VI always sickly diagnosed with
  consumption
• Henry VIII had established the Act of Succession
  which had stated who would be next in line to rule

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Edward VI (cont.)

• After Edward would be his sisters Mary, Elizabeth
  then the descendants of Henrys sister, Mary
  Frances Grey and her children.
• Northumberland convinced Edward that if Mary
  ruled, she would return the country to
  Catholicism and bring the country to ruin
• Secretly, he knew Mary would restore the church
  lands and stuff which was making him rich

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Edward VI (cont.)

• The dying Edward VI, convinced by Northumberland,
  declared his sisters to be bastards and named
  Lady Jane Grey, his cousin, heir to the throne.
• Lady Jane was one of Edwards few true friends
• Northumberland convinced the Greys to marry
  their daughter to his son, Guildford
• Edward died and left a disputed crown.

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Lady Jane Grey

• Against her wishes, was declared Queen by the
  council, led by Northumberland
• His true intent to have Jane declare his son
  King (giving Northumberland power)
• Jane would not name Guildford King rather gave
  him the title Duke of Clarence
• Guildford was outraged

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Lady Jane (cont.)

• Northumberland led an army to capture and
  imprison Mary hoever, he bungled the raid
• Northumberland began to lose support after that
• While gone, the rest of the council questioned
  his motives named him traitor and proclaimed
  Mary ,Queen

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Lady Jane (cont.)

• The people began to proclaim Mary, Queen, and
  Jane abdicated her claim. She had reigned 9
  days.
• Northumberland was arrested and tried to avert
  death by converting back to Catholicism
• His death sentence was stayed for 3 days then he
  was executed
• Jane and Guildford were imprisoned in the Tower
  of London then executed

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Film Suggestion Lady Jane
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Mary I

• A staunch Catholic from birth, she set about to
  return the country to the true faith
• Married Philip II of Spain
• Immediately repealed all Protestant legislation
  of her brother, Edward VI
• The burning of heretics earned her the title
  Bloody Mary

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Mary I

• The English hated the Spanish and loathed the
  idea of a Spanish monarch in their country
• 20 years of Protestantism left many disliking the
  return to Catholicism
• Philip convinced Mary to enter a war against
  France which resulted in the loss of the last
  territorial possession in France, Calais

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Mary I

• Always felt threatened by the superior beauty,
  wit and wisdom of her cousins Mary, Queen of
  Scots and Lady Jane Grey and also by her sister
  Elizabeth
• Died childless, leaving the throne to her sister

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Elizabeth I

• Inherited a realm in shambles with religious
  fighting, little money in treasury and threats
  from abroad
• Many claimed she had no right to the throne as a
  bastard child
• Had a horrendous temper but proved to be cunning
  and calculating in her decisions

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Elizabeth I (cont.)

• Leaned to Protestantism mainly because of threats
  from Scotland and Mary, Queen of Scots
• Also hated the religious persecution of
  protestants in France and Spain
• When Mary, Queen of Scots was driven from
  Scotland by radical protestants, she came to
  England
• Later plots to put Mary on the throne as a
  catholic would lead to her death sentence

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Elizabeth I

• She entered into war to aid Belgiums breakaway
  from Spanish rule
• Her rejection of Philip IIs marriage proposal
  and continued English piracy on Spanish ships led
  to war with Spain
• The Armada was sent but defeated in 1588
• This made England a dominant player in politics

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Elizabeth I (cont.)

• Unlike her siblings, she used factions instead of
  letting them use her
• Played many men for how they could benefit her
• Called the Virgin Queen colony of Virginia
• Raleigh and Essex were two of her more famous
  close personal friends
• Never married

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Elizabeth I (cont.)

• The Elizabethan Age was one of the most
  productive times in English history
• Literature Shakespeare, Marlowe, Spenser
• Francis Drake led exploration
• New world colonies grew
• Fashion and education became popular
• Tudor architecture flourished

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With no heirs, it was the end of the Tudor
dynasty
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New monarchScotlands James VI became
Englands James Idescended from the Tudors
from Margaret, daughter of Henry VIIThe new
dynasty The Stuarts