THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES

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• THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
• ON ABNORMALITY
• BIOMEDICAL AND PSYCHODYNAMIC
• LECTURE OUTLINE
• Theoretical perspectives
• Biomedical theories
• Psychodynamic theories

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• THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
• What Is a Theory?
• way of viewing, interpreting, explaining
  psychological phenomena
• Why Are Theories Important?
• generates research that leads to new knowledge
• guides diagnostic decisions
• suggests treatment approaches

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• THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
• What Are the Levels of Theories?
• single factor theories (e.g., dopamine
  hypothesis for schizophrenia)
• interactionist theories consider multiple
  factors
• theories vary according to their level of
  explanation and levels of analysis

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• THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
• The Value of Theories
• not explanation or proof of an enduring truth
• integration of knowledge/understanding of a
  phenomenon
• prediction about phenomena not previously
  thought of
• specifies what evidence would deny the theory

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• THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
• Testing Theories The Null Hypothesis
• studies dont seek to prove theory, but rather
  reject or fail to reject the theory
• if the null hypothesis is rejected, then there
  is support, not proof, for the theory

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• THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
• The Search for Causes
• explain the origins of a disorder
• identify factors that maintain the behaviour or
  disorder
• predict the course of the disorder
• design effective treatments

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• BIOMEDICAL THEORIES
• Roots Hippocrates, general paresis, Kraeplin
  and classification
• The language etiology, symptom, disorder,
  diagnosis, therapy, prognosis

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• BIOMEDICAL THEORIES
• Central Nervous System Areas of the Brain
• parts of the brain - hindbrain, midbrain,
  forebrain
• brain damage

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BIOMEDICAL THEORIES Central Nervous
System Neurotransmission chemical messengers
that carry electrical activity from one neuron to
the next synapse gap between 2 neurons
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BIOMEDICAL THEORIESCentral Nervous
SystemNeurotransmission - Monoamines

• Norepinephrine (NE)
• Dopamine
• Serotonin
• Gama aminobutyric acid (GABA)

• Stress reactions, anxiety, depression
• Schizophrenia
• Depression
• Anxiety

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• BIOMEDICAL THEORIES
• Central Nervous System
• Dysfunctional behaviour can result from
  disturbances in neurotransmission in 4 different
  ways
• too much or too little of a neurotransmitter is
  produced
• Too much or too little of a neurotransmitter is
  deactivated in the synapse

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• BIOMEDICAL THEORIES
• Central Nervous System
• Dysfunctional behaviour can result from
  disturbances in neurotransmission in 4 different
  ways
• The reuptake process is defective
• too many or too few receptors are available on
  the dendrite of the next cell

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• BIOMEDICAL THEORIES
• Peripheral Nervous System
• Somatic nervous system muscle control
• Autonomic nervous system (ANS) which consists
  of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, which
  act in concert to maintain homeostatic balance

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• BIOMEDICAL THEORIES
• Peripheral Nervous System
• Sympathetic nervous system readies the body for
  action during stress
• Parasympathetic nervous system shuts down
  non-essential functions
• Chronic overactive response of sympathetic system
  is related to anxiety disorders

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• BIOMEDICAL THEORIES
• Endocrine System
• Hormones chemical messengers released by
  various glands into the blood stream
• Dysfunctional behaviour may result from hormonal
  imbalances

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• BIOMEDICAL THEORIES
• Genetics
• Genetic research provides insights into whether
  certain disorders may be inherited
• Concordance rates among family members
• Research strategies family studies, twin
  studies (MZ DZ twin comparisons), adoption
  studies, genetic linkage studies (genetic markers
  for disorder)

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• BIOMEDICAL TREATMENTS
• ECT
• Drug treatments
• Antipsychotics
• Anxiolytics
• Antidepressants
• Lithium
• Stimulants

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• SUMMARY OF BIOMEDICAL THEORIES
• There is a wide variety of biomedical theories
  and factors regarding different disorders
• There is also a wide range in the role played by
  these factors in different disorders
• Biomedical factors are not the whole story, but
  the biomedical model is dominant in the mental
  health field

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• PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES
• Roots Freud and his followers
• Psychic structure id, ego, superego
• Levels of consciousness conscious,
  preconscious, unconscious
• How do psychological problems develop? Through
  disruptions of the psychosexual stages of
  development oral, anal, phallic, latency,
  genital stages

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• PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES
• Neurosis Freud focused on anxiety-related
  disorders, including depression, formerly called
  the neuroses
• Anxiety the core problem of the neuroses
• Types of anxiety realistic, moral, neurotic

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• PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES
• How do psychological problems develop? Through
  disruptions of the psychosexual stages of
  development oral, anal, phallic, latency,
  genital stages
• How are psychological problems maintained?
  Through the individuals use of defense
  mechanisms
• Defense mechanisms are ways of coping with
  anxiety aroused by life circumstances or events

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• PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES
• Defense Mechanisms
• repression
• denial
• rationalization
• projection
• displacement
• reaction formation
• sublimation

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• PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES
• Neo-Freudian theories
• Jung - collective unconscious
• Adler inferiority complex
• Object relations theories
• Bowlby attachment theory

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• PSYCHODYNAMIC TREATMENTS
• What psychodynamic treatment methods are used to
  treat psychological problems?
• free association
• dream analysis
• interpretation
• analysis of resistance
• transference and the problem of
  counter-transference

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• PSYCHODYNAMIC TREATMENTS
• More recent psychodynamic treatments
• brief and time-limited psychodynamic therapy
  importance of therapeutic alliance
• ego analysis
• Adler individual psychology
• Sullivan interpersonal therapy

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• SUMMARY OF PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY
• first psychological theory of abnormality,
  particularly the intra-psychic level
• focus on early childhood roots of psychological
  problems
• focus on anxiety disorders and defense
  mechanisms
• focus on psychological treatment