Accessing Basic Urban Services in

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• Accessing Basic Urban Services in
• Post-Conflict Angola
• presented by
• Development Workshop Angola
• to the
• Workshop on
• Service Provision Governance in the
• Peri-urban Interface of Metropolitan Areas
• Regional workshop for Sub-Saharan Africa and Arab
  Region
• UN-Habitat Building,

Post-Conflict Angola Accessing Basic
Urban Services March 2005
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• Post-Conflict Angola

Forty years of war has left Angola with a
shattered infrastructure, weak state
administration, massive displacement, large-scale
population movement, food insecurity, overwhelmed
or absent social services, subsistence
agriculture, a mined landscape and a massive
imbalance of resources and wealth. Conventional
wisdom maintains that its the emergency that is
complex. In Angola, the emergency was simple.
Its what comes next thats going to be complex.
Eric de Mul UN Resident Coordinator - 2003
Angola Post-Conflict Poverty Reduction
Oslo 18 October 2004
Post-Conflict Angola Accessing Basic
Urban Services March 2005
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• Angola at Wars End
• UN Human Development
• 164 of 178
• Under 5s mortality
• 295 / 1,000 (UNICEF 2001)
• Maternal mortality
• 1,850 per 100,000 (UNICEF 2001)
• 63 below poverty line
• Life Expectancy 40.2 years
• 25 extreme poverty (UNDP 2002)
• GNP /Capita 500 (W Bank 2003)

Accessible Areas in April 2002
Angola Post-Conflict Poverty Reduction
Oslo 18 October 2004
Post-Conflict Angola Accessing Basic
Urban Services March 2005
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• Post-War
• Accomplishments
• Almost 3 million IDPs spontaneously returned to
  their areas of origin
• Over 100,000 ex-combatants demobilised
• UNITA transformed itself into a parliamentary
  opposition party
• Half a million refugees living in neighbouring
  countries begin to return
• Luanda continues to grow

Angola Post-Conflict Poverty Reduction
Oslo 18 October 2004
Post-Conflict Angola Accessing Basic
Urban Services March 2005
5
War Induced Urbanisation over 40 Years
Angola Post-Conflict Poverty Reduction
Oslo 18 October 2004
Post-Conflict Angola Accessing Basic
Urban Services March 2005
6
Social Exclusion of the Poor

• The last decade has seen a dramatic increase in
  urban and rural poverty indicators.
• Indicators continue to deteriorate in the
  post-war period.
• 2/3 of families are living below the poverty
  line.
• The urban poor in Angola suffer increasing social
  exclusion that inhibits their full participation
  in a post war recovery.
• The poor have been denied access to the means,
  (such as land tenure, credit and basic services)
  to pull themselves out of poverty

Angola Post-Conflict Poverty Reduction
Oslo 18 October 2004
Post-Conflict Angola Accessing Basic
Urban Services March 2005
7
Informal Market for Services Land

• 50 of Luandas families purchase their water
  from informal sector sellers.
• 15 of the poorest families incomes goes to
  purchase water.
• They therefore consume less and the resulting
  hygiene and health statistics are now some of the
  worst in the world.
• 75 of the residents in the peri-urban districts
  of Luanda have no clear legal title to the land
  that they occupy.
• Acquisition of a housing plot and the
  construction of a residence is the only means of
  accumulation of wealth for the poor.

Angola Post-Conflict Poverty Reduction
Oslo 18 October 2004
Post-Conflict Angola Accessing Basic
Urban Services March 2005
8
Erosion of Urban Occupants Rights

• New land legislation is not in compliance with
  international human rights norms and the Habitat
  Agenda (signed by Angola in Istanbul 1996)
• The law will provide the Government with
  increased powers of expropriation.
• The poor risk loosing their rights of occupation
  and may be subject to forced removals for the
  purpose of commercial land development.

Development Workshop - 2004
Angola Post-Conflict Poverty Reduction
Oslo 18 October 2004
Post-Conflict Angola Accessing Basic
Urban Services March 2005
9
Public Private Partnerships

• State enterprises in collaboration with off-shore
  land development companies have appropriated
  significant public investment designated for
  service infrastructure for high-end, low density
  commercial urban expansion.
• Installation of publicly funded water an
  sanitation services, greatly increases land
  values for private benefit in these new
  development zones.
• Trickle down economic arguments are given and the
  suggestion that profits will be reinvested in
  services for high density low-cost housing.
• Post-war propensity for master-planning and
  commercial growth-pole models divert resources
  from poverty reduction strategies such as
  urban/musseque upgrading.

Angola Post-Conflict Poverty Reduction
Oslo 18 October 2004
Post-Conflict Angola Accessing Basic
Urban Services March 2005
10
Potential Sustainability of Public Services

• The poor pay many times more for untreated river
  water than the urban elite living in the cement
  city pay for clean tap water
• Informal water market amounts to over US
  35,000,000 per year.
• Studies demonstrate a willingness to pay fully
  commercial rates for adequate water services.
• The parastatal water authority EPAL is starved of
  resources and unable to repair or extend their
  water supply network.
• Income to reconstruct basic services could
  eventually be recovered in water fees if the
  Public Service Providers tariffs were set at
  equitable prices for all consumers.

Angola Post-Conflict Poverty Reduction
Oslo 18 October 2004
Post-Conflict Angola Accessing Basic
Urban Services March 2005
11
Sustainable Community Services Project

• SCSP is one of four Luanda Urban Poverty
  Programme (LUPP) projects funded by DFID being
  implemented since 1999.
• LUPP members (D W, CARE and Save the Children
  UK) have in partnership with the Government
  developed community service models.

Angola Post-Conflict Poverty Reduction
Oslo 18 October 2004
Post-Conflict Angola Accessing Basic
Urban Services March 2005
12
Sustainable Community Services Project-SCSP

• SCSP has supported over 250 urban communities to
  build standpipes and develop a mechanism of
  community management based on elected water
  committees
• Fees were paid by consumers and collected by the
  water committees to cover maintenance costs and
  to pay EPAL to supply the water
• EPAL communities both became interested
  stakeholders and motivated to guarantee the water
  supply and maintain the network.
• Users acquired for the first time a sense of
  their rights as consumers
• Standpipes contributed to increase the per capita
  consume from 7,6 to 14,58 litres/day around 92.
• Water at the standpipes is 20.5 cheaper than
  private tanks.

Angola Post-Conflict Poverty Reduction
Oslo 18 October 2004
Post-Conflict Angola Accessing Basic
Urban Services March 2005
13
Community Management Model

• EPAL does not have the capacity to manage water
  supply down to the level of the bairro nor to
  manage water-points.
• Water committees elected by the resident users
  carry out the following functions
• - ensure that the taps are working and maintained
• - keep the water-point, its surroundings and the
  drainage pipe clean
• - register the number of days that water flows at
  the water-point
• - open and close the water-point at the agreed
  hours
• collect payments from the users and pay water
  bills
• Register all income and expenditure
• Bairro-level Associations of Water Committees
  have been formed to enable more effective
  negotiation with EPAL and with local government
  administrations.

Angola Post-Conflict Poverty Reduction
Oslo 18 October 2004
Post-Conflict Angola Accessing Basic
Urban Services March 2005