Supergroup Chromalveolata

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• Supergroup Chromalveolata
• Kingdom Alveolatae
• Kingdom Heterokontae
• Kingdom Eukaryomonadae

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• Kingdom Alveolatae
• Phyla Dinoflagellata
• Ciliata
• Apicomplexa

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• Kingdom Eukaryomonadae
• Phyla Haptomonada
• Cryptomonada
• Centrohelomonada

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Alveolates

• Sister group of Heterokonts
• Protists with tubulocristate mitochondria
• Main synapomorphy a series of membranous sacs or
  alveoli underneath cell membranes

http//tolweb.org/tree?groupAlveolatescontgroup
Eukaryotes
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Dinoflagellates

• Unicellular protists
• More than 4,000 known species
• Many photosynthetic important primary producers
  in aquatic systems
• Some produce own light (bioluminescence)
• Known to produce neurotoxins (red tide)

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• Transverse flagellum encircles the body
• Longitudinal flagellum oriented perpendicular to
  the transverse flagellum
• Spiral to their swimming motion

http//www.geo.ucalgary.ca/macrae/palynology/dino
flagellates/theca.gif
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Ciliates

• Complex unicellular organisms
• More than 7,500 known species (1,100 genera)
• Heterotrophic organisms, live in environments
  with liquid water
• Some symbionts and parasites

Euplotes sp
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• Two types of nuclei
• Micronucleus (diploid)
• contains chromosomes, with two copies of each
  chromosome
• Macronucleus (polyploid) contains genetic
  material in the form of short pieces of DNA
• At cell division, the micronuclei divide through
  mitosis, while in most ciliates the macronucleus
  simply pinches apart into two

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• peristomal apparatus

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• Asexually- the micronucleus undergoes mitosis,
  while the macronucleus pinches apart into two.

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• Sexually- conjugation
• often induced by lack of food
• Opposite mating types come close together,
  forming cytoplasmic bridge
• Micromuclei divide by meiosis, the macronuclei
  disintegrate, and the conjugating cells exchange
  haploid micronuclei over the cytoplasmic
  connection
• They then separate, reform new macronuclei from
  their micronuclei, and divide

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• Supergroup Chromalveolata
• Kingdom Alveolatae
• Kingdom Heterokontae
• Kingdom Eukaryomonadae

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• Kingdom Eukaryomonadae
• Phyla Haptomonada
• Cryptomonada
• Centrohelomonada

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Cryptomonas

• Very common in aquatic environments
• Unicellular with a subapical gullet from which
  emerge two flagella
• Less than 200 known species (not much variation
  among species!)
• they do not seem to undergo sexual reproduction

Cryptomonas sp
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Haptomonas
Chrysochromulina sp

• Important marine phytoplankters
• Unicellular with whiplash flagella and a covering
  of delicate calcium carbonate scales called
  coccoliths
• Less than 450 known species (not much variation
  among species!)
• defining feature is the presence of a haptonema,
  a flagellum-like structure

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• Supergroup Chromalveolata
• Kingdom Alveolatae
• Kingdom Heterokontae
• Kingdom Eukaryomonadae

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