Wright Center International Environmental Change Workshop Series

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Wright CenterInternational Environmental Change
Workshop Series

• Hydrosphere 2006
• Thanks-
• Bermuda Biological Station for Research

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Map of Bermudahttp//www.offroute.com/
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• Bermuda Biological Station
• for Research
• http//www.offroute.com

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Bermuda Biological Station for Research

• BBSR conducts world-class science and education
  from its unique mid-Atlantic location. We seek to
  improve society's understanding of marine
  ecosystems, ocean/atmospheric interactions and
  ocean health, and their influence on man's
  habitat and health.

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International Center for Ocean and Human
Health Marine Environmental Program In
2003/2004, the coral reef marine environmental
research monitoring at BBSR was
revised/restructured to form the Marine
Environmental Program (MEP). Research and
monitoring is now associated with identifying
potential new sources of pollution, understanding
the significance and consequence of existing
sources, identifying effects associated with
regional/global changes (i.e. bleaching events
and disease outbreaks) , and delineating between
effects of climate and non-climate stresses.
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Participating teams

• Maine
• New Jersey
• Massachusetts

• Indiana
• New York
• Pennsylvania

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Introduction TimeContact information

• Fun facts about yourself

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3 x 5 questions

• 1 thing you know about the connection of the
  hydrosphere (within the scope of our workshop)
  to climate change
• 1 thing you think you know - misconceptions
  about the connection of the hydrosphere (etc) to
  climate change
• 1 thing you want to know about the connection of
  the hydrosphere (etc) to climate change
• Other workshop goals
• How do you like to learn?

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Workshop Goals

• Have fun
• To encourage a global systems approach when
  thinking about environmental change (the
  butterfly effect)
• To provide direct experience with scientific
  research/environmental education

• To enhance networking with other teachers
• Have fun

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Research Goal To understand how coral reefs
can be used as indicators of climate change.
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Rising Ocean Temperatures Threaten Florida's
Coral Reef

• On May 9, for the first time, two species of
  Caribbean coral acropora palmata, or elkhorn,
  and acropora cervicornis, or staghorn were
  added to the list of threatened species under the
  federal Endangered Species Act.
• "Elkhorn and staghorn used to be the dominant
  species on the Caribbean reef said Jennifer
  Moore, a natural .. division of the National
  Marine Fisheries Service based in Arizona. "But
  the species has declined 97 percent since the
  late 70's."
• There is no one answer to what is killing these
  coral. The greatest culprit seems to be disease,
  especially "white diseases," which fleck the
  coral with pox and bands of deathly white. But
  there are other stresses, including degraded
  water quality, nutrient runoff from agriculture,
  human poaching and boating accidents.
• Of perhaps greater impact are instances of coral
  bleaching affecting these and other corals that
  have occurred with increasing frequency in recent
  years. In these outbreaks, which are directly
  tied to rising ocean temperatures and reach their
  height in the warmest months, vast fields of
  coral shed their gaudy colors, turn bone-white
  and die.
• "Last year was a particularly bad outbreak," said
  Tyler Smith, a coral biologist at the University
  of the Virgin Islands. "We lost anywhere from 70
  to 100 percent of our coral to bleaching."

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Climate Change History

• Early 19th Joseph Fourier/ John Tyndall - Physic
  calculations about how Earth is heated UV-IR,
• should be below freezing
• 1896 Arrenius Sweden
• Calculations for amount of gas in atmosphere,tube
  of CO2- double gas , no change in T
• specific EM bands saturated. Swedish
  CO2 array
• Climate system theory, Grossly underestimated
  number/effect climate variables
• Turn of century Chamberlin - American
• Ocean circulation, dense saline cold water sinks
  and upwells
• WWII Milutin Milankovitch- Earth-Sun calculation,
  Milankovitch theory
• 1940s Revelle- Suess _at_ Scripps
• Atomic energy commission bomb blasts/Cold war
• 1959 Keeling and IGY - money largely military-
  up to know climate was a sideline
• 1960s Wally Broecker Lamont Doherty- Columbia,
  paleo coral reefs above sea level radio dated,
  
• confirmed Milankovitch
• 1961 Meeting of Meteorologists in NYC,
  Temperature down since 40s but took until 60s to
  see it for
• lack of baseline data,precision
• 1966 Camp Century Greenland ice core to bedrock
  (first in Greenland was 1956)
• 1965 Boulder meeting Peter Weyl Oregon State,
  calculated reduced salinity in N Atlantic
• 1968 First Antarctic ice core, Byrd Station -
  2037 metes to bedrock

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Journals
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Coral Reef Adventure
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Questions?
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Sunday July 2nd
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Today in Bermuda

• Another day in paradise
• Footprint
• Journals
• Haiku
• Playing Connections
• Global climate change
• Paleoclimate data- instrumental and proxy
• SST, Salinity, pH
• Global carbon budget, CO2
• Remotely sensed images- mapping
• Snorkeling for Transects-Quadrants

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More introductions
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Footprint Calculator

• Directions
• Get a pencil and a calculator. After answering
  the questions below, add up the results. The
  final result is your personal footprint, in
  acres. This figure represents the minimum amount
  of ecologically productive land that is required
  to provide all the resources and space that you
  use, directly or indirectly, as well as the area
  needed to store or absorb resulting waste and
  pollution.

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Footprint Calculation

• 1. FOOD
• In an average week how much of the following food
  items do you eat?
• Vegetables Fruits
• _____ lbs. X 133 _______ (US avg.
  7.50 lbs.)
• Chicken _____ lbs. X 280 _______ (US avg.
  1.25 lbs.)
• Pork _____ lbs. X 650 _______ (US avg.
  1.00 lbs.)
• Beef _____ lbs. X 3,300 _______ (US avg.
  2.20 lbs.)
• Fish _____ lbs. X 900 _______ (US avg.
  0.33 lbs.)
• Cereal, Rice, Pasta
• _____ lbs. X 144 _______ (Hint 1
  lb. 2-3 servings)
• Eggs _____ lbs. X 104 _______ (US avg.
  4.7 eggs)
• SUB
  TOTAL Food ________

• 2. HOUSING
• How big is the house or apartment in which you
  live? (US avg. for new homes is 2,120 square
  feet.)
• Multiply square footage of home ________ X 1.4
  _________
• then divide by number of occupants ____
  Housing ________
• 3. MOTOR VEHICLE TRANSPORTATION (gasoline powered
  vehicles)
• Estimated gallons of gasoline you use in an
  average week
• ______ gallons X 110
  Motor Vehicle ________
• (US avg. individual consumption is 11 gallons per
  week, with avg. weekly mileage estimated at 220
  miles.)

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Footprint Calculator

• 6. WATER CONSUMPTION
• Estimated gallons of water per day (see your
  water bill)
• ______ X 1.1 Water ________
• (Note typical household water use -- residential
  use -- is about 300-500 gallons per day. Total US
  per capita consumption averages over 1,500
  gallons/day, most if it for indirect uses of
  water, such as crop irrigation and
  manufacturing.)
• 7. WASTE PRODUCTION
• (The average American generates approximately 30
  lbs. of solid waste per week. Many more pounds
  are generated indirectly from industrial,
  commercial, and agricultural activities that
  support an individual's consumption.)
• Estimated pounds of waste recycled per week
  (US avg. 7.7 lbs.)
• ________ X 20 Recycled Waste ________
• Estimated pounds of nonrecycled waste per week
  (US avg. 23 lbs.)
• ________ X 28 Unrecycled Waste ________

• 4. AIR TRANSPORTATION
• Estimated hours of flying time (hours you spent
  in the air) during the past year ________ hrs. X
  100 Airplane ________
• 5. ENERGY CONSUMPTION
• Estimated kilowatt hours of electricity consumed
  in an average month
• _____ kWh X 5.5 Electricity
• (Check your utility bill, if possible. Typical
  household consumption maight be 300-500 kWh per
  month.)
• Estimated therms of natural gas consumed in an
  average month
• ________ X 14 Natural Gas ________
• (Precise numbers can be found on your utility
  bill. Typical use might be 60-150 therms per
  month.)

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Footprint Calculator

• 8. OTHER
• The average American uses 222 pounds of materials
  every day. Only a portion of that use is
  accounted for in the above footprint categories.
  Many other products and services of nature are
  appropriated by humans indirectly in ways that
  are too complex to include here. In order to
  capture some of the indirect contributions of
  manufacturing, industry, recreation, highway
  construction, and so forth, we have provided a
  multiplier of 1.3 to represent other
  contributions to the average American footprint.
• Add up the subtotals from the previous 7
  categories
• Total for Worksheet Categories ___________
• Multiply by 1.3 Grand Total ___________
• Take the grand total and divide by 1,000
• Footprint in acres __________

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What do I do to help?
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New Vocabulary- Questions- Misconceptions

• SST
• Salinity
• pH ('pouvoir hydrogen' or logarithmic Hydrogen
  Power)
• Thermohaline circulation
• Haiku
• Evidence for climate change

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Collecting observationsand the scientific method
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The Tao of Climate Journaling

• We are at the begging of a change of worldview as
  radical as the Copernican Revolution a shift
  from a mechanistic to a holistic and ecological
  view, from a value system based on domination to
  one based on partnership. - Fritjof Capra
• Science journaling is a wonderful way to practice
  fine motor skills, schedule time for
  observations, link all disciplines, collect data,
  view nature, and watch climate change.
• The Tao of Climate Journals hopes to highlight
  the ability of journaling to emphasis seeing the
  forest because of the trees, collecting thoughts
  on how the whole is greater than the sum of its
  parts, and especially using journals to collect
  data for promoting long and short-term climate
  studies.
• Too often we do science without actually
  following the scientific method. Science
  journaling helps put the observations back into
  the scientific method and allows for student
  understanding of the why.
• Journals should allow for multiple intelligences
  as well as promote writing, sketching, poetry,
  art, science anatomy, and careful, precise
  observations as part of good science.

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Journal Procedure

• Name
• Date/ Time
• Location latitude, longitude, elevation
• Subject/ Purpose(immediate focus) noted
• Partners
• Scientific method - observation, inference,
  hypothesis, experiment, reflections

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Procedure - continued

• Define climate parameters.
• Depending on the experience level of your
  students you may or may not want to define each
  climate parameter. The art of understanding what
  your observing often depends on your discovering
  the definitions on your own. For students to
  truly understand what they are doing they have to
  become involved in the process of developing
  their own definitions.
• Skill development
• Practice writing and drawing. Inability to make
  nice marks in a journal can turn some kids off
  from journaling. Add color and 3-D to your
  journal art.
• Long-term program.
• The journal can be used all year long with the
  understanding that the kinks will be worked out
  through out the year. In the beginning of the
  year observations/assignments can be canned and
  progress to more ownership throughout the year,
  spiraling upward each year. Though the first
  observations should be completely unconstrained.

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• Journal Entries
• What is recorded?
• Name/date/etc
• Observations on climate parameters
• Focus details Particular way of seeing- Private
  eye
• Time-lapse observations
• Connections
• How is it recorded?
• Art (colored pencil and/or water color)
• See the world in true or impressionistic color
• Age appropriate art 3-D is awesome!
• Writing
• Paragragh style
• Labels (with arrows)
• Essays
• Poetry

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• 9 natural indicators of climate change
• Ice on/ice off
• Length of growing season
• Precipitation
• Intense precipitation events
• Sea level rise
• Sea surface temperature
• Snowfall amounts
• Days with snow on the ground
• Bloom dates
• www.cleanair-coolplanet.org/ information/pdf/indic
  ators.pdf

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Martha Mitchell on Nature Journaling
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• Haiku
• Haiku-poems can describe almost anything, but you
  seldom find themes which are too complicated for
  normal PEOPLE's recognition and understanding.
• Some of the most thrilling Haiku-poems describe
  daily situations in a way that gives the reader a
  brand new experience of a well-known situation.
• The metrical pattern of Haiku poems consist of
  respectively 5, 7 and 5 syllables in three units.
  In japanese, this convention is a must, but in
  english, which has variation in the length of
  syllables, this can sometimes be difficult.
• Each Haiku must contain a kigo, a season word,
  which indicate in which season the Haiku is set.
  For example, cherry blossoms indicate spring,
  snow indicate winter, and mosquitoes indicate
  summer, but the season word isn't always that
  obvious.
• An endless summer
• Should be with all the coral
• Not with the penguin

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Haiku Journey
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Playing Connections

• Connections is a game much like Name That Tune
  but with earth system science connections.
• The teacher could pick any two objects (in
  nature) and ask how are they connected. There
  are always multiple correct answers, some easy
  answers, and always a few complicated though
  quality answers. For example, the teacher (or
  student) may pick an apple and a snail. The easy
  answer is that the apple may fall to the ground,
  start decomposing , and be eaten by the snail.
• A more complicated answer would involve the snail
  producing waste which contains nitrogen. The
  nitrogen is fixed in the ground by other
  organisms. The nitrogen is then used from the
  ground by the apple tree helping to produce
  apples, which fall to the ground and are eaten by
  the snail. Or add more detail by adding Yellow
  sweet clover (Melilotus indicus) is a member of
  the pea family (Fabaceae). The roots of this
  legume contain swollen nodules containing
  nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the genus Rhizobium
  or Bradyrhizobium in the bacteria family
  Rhizobiaceae. Nitrogen fixation is a remarkable
  prokaryotic skill in which inert atmospheric
  nitrogen gas is converted into ammonia. Through
  another bacterial process called nitrification,
  the ammonia is converted into nitrites and
  nitrates, thereby making the vital element
  nitrogen readily available to the roots of higher
  plants. Which is why you often find sweet yellow
  clover growing in orchards.
• This simple game will help your students make
  connections to the objects they have drawn in
  their journal.

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Snorkeling for Observations
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Developing custom activities
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Take chances, make mistakes, and get messy
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• Climate is an ill-tempered beast,
• And we are poking it with a stick
• . W. S. Broecker

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Climate Change History

• Early 19th Joseph Fourier/ John Tyndall - Physic
  calculations about how Earth is heated UV-IR,
• should be below freezing
• 1896 Arrenius Sweden
• Calculations for amount of gas in atmosphere,tube
  of CO2- double gas , no change in T
• specific EM bands saturated. Swedish
  CO2 array
• Climate system theory, Grossly underestimated
  number/effect climate variables
• Turn of century Chamberlin - American
• Ocean circulation, dense saline cold water sinks
  and upwells
• WWII Milutin Milankovitch- Earth-Sun calculation,
  Milankovitch theory
• 1940s Revelle- Suess _at_ Scripps
• Atomic energy commission bomb blasts/Cold war
• 1959 Keeling and IGY - money largely military-
  up to know climate was a sideline
• 1960s Wally Broecker Lamont Doherty- Columbia,
  paleo coral reefs above sea level radio dated,
  
• confirmed Milankovitch
• 1961 Meeting of Meteorologists in NYC,
  Temperature down since 40s but took until 60s to
  see it for
• lack of baseline data,precision
• 1966 Camp Century Greenland ice core to bedrock
  (first in Greenland was 1956)
• 1965 Boulder meeting Peter Weyl Oregon State,
  calculated reduced salinity in N Atlantic
• 1968 First Antarctic ice core, Byrd Station -
  2037 metes to bedrock

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Earth System Processes and T Proxies
From Mayewski, University of Maine
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Earths Average Temperature Through Geologic Time
From http//www.scotese.com/climate.htm
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Wright Center Potion 9

• 800,000 years of
• climate change

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http//www.nrmsc.usgs.gov/research/glacier_retreat
.htm viewed on line 3/17/03
Grinnel Glacier in Glacier Natl. Park, MT, summer
938 (left), and 1981 (right)
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http//www.nrmsc.usgs.gov/research/glacier_retreat
.htm viewed on 3/17/03
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• Sources of greenhouse gases CO2 Equivalents
• Inventory for year 2002
• www.pscleanair.org/specprog/globclim/

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Greenhouse Effect

• Without the Greenhouse Effect, Earths mean
  temperature would be about -18oC instead of the
  current 15oC
• CO2 is the second most important natural
  greenhouse gas at 22
• CO2 is produced by vegetation through the release
  of carbon during respiration, though vegetation
  and water vapor both remove CO2 from the
  atmosphere - photosynthesis/solution- thus the
  CO2 cycle

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Global Energy Budget

• Carbon Dioxide CO2 along with water vapor H2O,
  methane CH4, nitrous oxide N2O, and ozone
  O3(stratospheric/tropospheric) are all naturally
  occurring gases in the atmosphere lt1 (by mass)
• Absorb terrestrial infrared and ultaviolet
  radiation create the Greenhouse Effect

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asd-www.larc.nasa.gov
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Vostok Ice Core Record - 4 Glacial Cycles
Source Petit et al., 1999, Nature 399, p.
429-346.
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Variations of Earths surface temp for past 1,000
yrs
SPM 1b
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Whats the difference between Chanukah and an SUV?

• Chanukah is about a days worth of oil lasting 8
  days-
• An SUV is about making 8 days worth of oil
  lasting one day
• Jay Leno

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Dust from the Sahara

• Global circulation removes materials from Africa
  and deposits it in the ocean and all the way to
  the Americas.
• Much of the Iron (Fe) that naturally fertilizers
  plankton growth comes from the big deserts.
• NASA image courtesy the MODIS Rapid Response
  Team at NASA GSFC

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asd-www.larc.nasa.gov
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http//www.spamula.net/blog/i34/cows.jpg
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Global Carbon Budget

• Calculated in Gtons of carbon

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Big Experiment Time

• Now everyone-

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So, three sub atomic particles walk into a bar
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Making Carbonic Acid Labs 1 2

• www.elmhurst.edu/chm/onlcourse/chm110/

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http//www.elmhurst.edu/chm/onlcourse/chm110/moli
mages/H2CO3.GIF

• H2O CO2 H2CO3

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Joanne Kleypas- Institute for the Study of
Society and Environment
76

• The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
  is very important for living things. This is
  because hydrogen ions are positively charged they
  alter the charge environment of other molecules
  in solution. By putting different forces on the
  molecules, the molecules change shape from their
  normal shape. This is particularly important for
  proteins in solution because the shape of a
  protein is related to its function.

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Carbon Dioxide Lab 1

• To make carbonic acid
• Add water
• Blow gently through straw (no inhaling!)
• Measure pH or CO2 concentration
• pH paper
• Phenolphthalein solution/Sodium Hydroxide

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Buffering of Carbonic acid Lab 2

• Now you have a weak acid - not always good for
  plants and animals!
• drop in ground seashell CaCO3
• CaCO3 limestone (aragonite)
• This island is a build up of limestone/shells
• Addition of eroded Ca, buffers CO3

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Dissolved CO2

• CO2 is highly soluble and chemically reactive-
  temperature dependent.
• If ocean (SS) T increases 1oC the partial
  pressure increases by 4.2 and there is an
  average net flux of 4 GT C to the atmosphere - if
  sea surface T increases 1oC then 2x more CO2
  moves from the oceans to the atmosphere than is
  produced anthropogenically!
• How much is 4 GT of carbon?

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• Take one down, pass it around, many more GT of
  carbon in the air
• One gigaton is equal to one billion tons of
  carbon (or 1015 g). How much is one gigaton? It
  is about 2750 Empire State Buildings, or about
  142 million African elephants.
• 1 African elephant weighs 10,000 lbs.
• A staggering 98 tons of prehistoric, buried plant
  material that's 196,000 pounds is required to
  produce each gallon of gasoline we burn in our
  cars, SUVs, trucks and other vehicles, according
  to a study conducted at the University of Utah.
• 1.0 US gallon gasoline (0.833 Imperial gallon,
  3.79 liter) 2.42 kg carbon

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CO2 in the ocean

• The total dissolved CO2 in the oceans is 50x what
  is in the atmosphere.
• Exchange takes place at the ocean surface,
  50-100m thick, delimited by the thermocline.
• Exchange by gas exchange driven by CO2 partial
  pressure.

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Joanne Kleypas- Institute for the Study of
Society and Environment
83
Carbon Dioxide and the Deep Oceans

• The CO2 beneath the SS increases considerably
  because of the physical pump and the biological
  pump.
• The physical pump is sinking ocean
  water-thermohaline circulation
• The biological pump is sinking carbon organisms.
  Some remains and some returns through dissolved
  inorganic carbon (DIC).

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Thermohaline Circulation

• First developed at Columbia University
• One parcel of water per 1000 years

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Lab 3 Changing Sea Level
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http//www.tufts.edu/as/wright_center/iecws/materi
als/beach_tree_investigation/Beach-1.htm
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The BIG GCB numbers
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GCB conclusions

• Anthropogenic CO2 becomes incorporated into the
  natural carbon budget distributed among the three
  active reservoirs the atmosphere, the
  terrestrial biosphere, and the ocean.
• Only half the carbon remains in the atmosphere
  and is chemically active
• Current modeling confirms an increase of
  atmospheric CO2 concentration 370ppm to 500-1000
  ppm by the end of the 21st century with a
  possible T increase of 1.4oC -5.8oC
• There has been a 0.8oC change in the last 100
  years (natural and anthropogenic combined)

90
But- what about the oceans?

• Back to the slide
• Atmospheric CO2 adds more CO2 to the oceans,
  which increases the acidity, which removes
  carbonate (CO3-) to make bicarbonate (CO3),
  making less carbonate (CO3) available for
  coral/shell production, which lowers the oceans
  productivity

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Collecting data - Transects and Quadrants

• A la Wright Center Productions

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MOVIE TIMEWright Center Research in Hawaii
93
Snorkel?

• Quadrat
• Transect line
• T, salinity, turbidity, pH

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Mapping

• Top maps
• Latitude and Longitude
• True N, Magnetic N, Declination, compass
• Contour lines, contour interval- hand activity,
  card board activity
• Map making

• Satellite image
• Aerial photograph

95
EarthKAM BINGO

• Mapping from the outside in
• http//www.earthkam.ucsd.edu/

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Tomorrows Boat Day

• Water
• Mask/fins/snorkel
• Dive shirt
• Wind breaker
• Lunch
• Journal
• Sea sick meds
• Important personal meds
• Group science and other equipment

100
Brainstorm

• Groups of four- How does (can) this fit into your
  classroom?

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Monday July 3, 2006

• Another fun day in Bermuda

102
Today at BBSR

• Another day in paradise
• Recap, up to now
• Journal/collect observations
• Communicating with the Wright Center
• GCM
• Coral, Coral, Coral
• Fish, Fish, Fish
• Relative- Absolute dating
• Boat ride
• Brainstorm
• Big Discussion!!!

103
Boat DayData collection of fish and coral using
transects and Quadrants

• Water
• Mask/fins/snorkel
• Dive shirt
• Wind breaker
• Lunch
• Journal
• Sea sick meds
• Important personal meds
• Group science and other equipment

104
Daily Recap

• Questions? Concerns? New Vocab
  words/terminology?
• Play connections

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Journal time

• Observations
• Data
• Sketches

106
Communicating project ideas with the Wright
Center
107
Knowing the futureGCM

• http//edgcm.columbia.edu/
• The EdGCM Project develops and distributes a
  research-quality Global Climate Model (GCM) with
  a user-friendly interface that runs on desktop
  computers.
• The design of the software allows students to
  learn and experience the full scientific process
  including designing experiments, setting up and
  running computer simulations, post-processing
  output, using scientific visualization to display
  results, and creating scientific reports ready
  for publishing to the web.

108
Oh Fish - Project Wild
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Getting down to Coral
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A corals best friend- the zooxanthellae

• This is a closeup photo of a zooxanthellae cell
  (Symbiodinium sp.) in a Scanning Electron
  Microscope that was cultured from Aiptasia
  pulchella.
• http//www.coral.noaa.gov/themes/zoox_pics.html

111
Anatomy of coral

• From WHOI we bring you..

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CoralWatch
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Relative and Absolute dating of cores
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Coral- Fish ID
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Building a classroom aquarium
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Debrief boat ride
121

• This is your brain
• this is your brain
• on climate change

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Oceanography Literature

• A la Betsy Stefany

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TuesdayHappy July 4thMore Fun!

• Boat day

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Today at BBSR

• Another day in paradise
• Recap, up to now
• Journal/collect observations
• Dr Wood and Counting Coral
• Project Wild
• Barnacle Joe - the activity
• Brainstorm
• Journal/ collect more observations
• Analysis of data

125
Daily Recap

• Questions? Concerns? New Vocab
  words/terminology?
• Play connections

126
Journal time

• Observations
• Data
• Sketches

127
Boat Day

• Water
• Mask/fins/snorkel
• Dive shirt
• Wind breaker
• Lunch
• Journal
• Sea sick meds
• Important personal meds
• Group science and other equipment

128
Dr James Wood

• Counting Corals and CephBase

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Barnacle Joe the scientist

• The
• Barnacle
• Outreach
• Program

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Brainstorm

• Groups of four- What else do you need to make
  this work for your classroom?

133
BIG DISCUSSION

• So, how do coral reefs indicate climate change??
• ..And can an environmentalist drive a Volvo?
• Please pack bags for tomorrow

134
WednesdayJuly 5th
135
Today in Bermuda

• Another day in paradise
• Recap
• Journals
• Reach your research goal?
• Deep sea sediments -pasta counting
• EXAM
• Closing thoughts -
• Questions????
• Leave BBSR by noon

136
Daily Recap

• Questions? Concerns? New Vocab
  words/terminology?
• Play connections

137
Journal time

• Observations
• Data
• Sketches

138
Journal review

• Observations
• Data
• Sketches

139
Deep Sea Sediments

• Collecting and analyzing forams from deep sea
  sediments
• And the movies please

140
Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (Ehrenberg
1894)http//www-bprc.mps.ohio-state.edu/foram/spe
cies/neogloboquadrina_pach.htm

• Collected Aug. 1991, Franz Josef Land sounds,
  150 mwd, modern deposits
• Collected summer1992 U.S.G.S. cruise, Arctic
  continental slope off Alaska modern hemipelagic
  mud
• The most abundant planktonic foraminifer of high
  latitudes as any planktonic foraminifer, avoids
  low-salinity and shallow waters. The left-coiled
  morphotype prevails at lowest temperatures and
  occurs throughout the Arctic Ocean. extending
  from the continental margin to the shelf
  interior.

141
EXAM TIME
142
Geologic Timeline(s)
143
Joanne Kleypas- Institute for the Study of
Society and Environment
144
WC Sea Level Change activity
145
Terrestrial Carbon cycle

• Terrestrial terrestrial pools are -
• Soil
• Living vegetation
• Detritus
• Interaction occurs through vegetation
• carbon uptake through photosynthesis and release
  1/2 through respiration and 1/2 into biomass- to
  be stores or released again through heterotrophic
  respiration

146
CO2 atmosphere and Land exchange

• The capability of the terrestrial biosphere to
  store carbon is in anthropogenic climate change
  itself.
• There is a lower limit to plant productivity -
  and an upper limit. Vegetation in temperate and
  cold regions would increase productivity (carbon
  sequestering).
• The upper limit is defined by liquid water.

147
Vegetation and water

• High T destroy enzyme system and cells.
• Fixed boundaries between building of biomass by
  photosynthesis and decomposition by respiration
  enables the highest productivity.
• Ecosystems currently carbon sinks could be future
  sources.

148
Vegetation, light, and heat

• The growing season is dependent on light and
  though the growing season has expanded by 11 days
  in Europe due to global warming - carbon sink.
• Though permafrost will decay- carbon source.
• Some forests could migrate northward - carbon
  sink.
• Arid areas could increase and lead to reduced
  carbon uptake.

149
CO2 Fertilization Effect

• As CO2 increases, photosynthesis increases,
  density of stomata can be reduced, and improved
  water utilization in relation to carbon uptake
  is achieved.
• Thus the terrestrial biosphere has been a carbon
  sink in the last two decades- and may continue to
  increase. And the net change in carbon
  sequestering by vegetation (global average) might
  be an increase - carbon sink.
• If we do not use all the trees?