Product Liability Safety Factors CE marking Recreational Craft Directive

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Product Liability Safety FactorsCE
markingRecreational Craft Directive

• MATS231 lecture 7
• MST326 lecture 9

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Product Liability
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Product Liability

• every manufacturer has a responsibility for
  damage and injuries that a product causes to
  people and property
• this responsibility may be transferred to the
  importer
• the liability may lead to payments for damages or
  other legal consequences

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Product Liability

• the product should be systematically and
  carefully scrutinised to determine what damage it
  may cause
• documentation of product development in respect
  of safety is important
• insurance companies will demand this
  documentation before covering the risk

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Product Liability

• before PLA those affected had to prove that the
  damage had been caused by negligence on behalf of
  the manufacturer or distributor
• now the burden of proof is on the manufacturer
  to demonstrate product safety considerations were
  integrated into design and production

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Product Liability

• Three types of defects that incur liability
• design defects
• exist before the product is manufactured
• manufacturing defects
• occur during the construction or production
• defects in marketing
• improper instructions and failures to warn
  consumers of latent dangers in the product.

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Safety factors
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Safety factors

• BS British Standard Specifications
• EN Europaische Norm
• (European Standard)
• ISO International Organization for
  Standardization

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Safety factors

• British Standard Specifications
• BS 10881966 (1988) untreated plywood for marine
  craft
• BS EN 10951998 deck safety harnesses and
  safety lines
• BS 40791966 (1988) plywood for marine craft
  treated against attack by fungi or marine
  borers
• BS 45321969 (1989) snorkels and face masks
• BS 72091990 (1997) water vapour permeable
  apparel fabrics
• BS 78521997 code of practice for the
  design of canoes and kayaks
• the above list only shows a few representative
  examples

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• Small craft Hull construction and scantlings
  length up to 23 m
• 1 Materials resins, reinforcement, laminate
  (2000)
• 2 Materials sandwich cores (2002)
• 3 Materials steel, aluminium, wood, other (2002)
• 4 Workshop/manufacturing conditions (2002)
• 5 Design pressures, stresses, scantlings (2008)
• 6 Structural arrangements and details (2008)
• 7 Scantling determination of multihulls (????)
• 8 Rudders (2009)
• Sailing boats appendages and rig attachment
• A1 Coating plants. Spray booths. Safety (2009)
• Parts 1-7 in Plymouth Campus Library

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British Standard BS EN 122152002

• Will Harris Cornish Crabber 12
• infused hull
• scantlings specified using ISO 12215-5 spread
  sheet from MST329 design exercise
• image courtesy of WH
• video of demoulding

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Safety factors

• British Standard Specifications
• eg BS 49941987 Design and construction of
  vessels and tanks in reinforced plastics
• may be appropriate to lightweight air-tanks for
  diving
• Section 9 defines allowable and design unit
  loadings

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Safety factors

• BS 49941987 (FRP vessels and tanks)
• k1 factor relating to manufacture
• k2 factor relating to long term behaviour
• k3 factor relating to temperature
• k4 factor relating to cyclic loading
• k5 factor relating to curing procedure

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Safety factors

• BS 49941987 (FRP vessels and tanks)
• The design factor 3 x k1 x k2 x k3 x k4 x k5
• The factor 3 is constant and allows for
• materials strength reduction due tolong-term
  loading (even in air)
• No vessel or tank shall have K lt 8

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Safety factors

• BS 49941987 (FRP vessels and tanks)
• k1 (method of manufacture)
• k1 1.5 for handwork
• k1 1.5 for machine controlled spray
  application
• k1 3.0 for hand-held spray application
• for spray application, strands shall be gt32 mm
  long

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Safety factors

• BS 49941987 (FRP vessels and tanks)
• k2 (chemical environment)
• k2 1.2 with a thermoplastic liner
• k2 1.2 to 2.0 without a thermoplastic liner
• Appendix E gives guidance on selection of k2

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Safety factors

• BS 49941987 (FRP vessels and tanks)
• k3 (temperature) from 1 to 1.25 (Fig.1)
• dependent on heat distortion temperature
• k4 (cyclic loading) from Figure 2
• k5 (curing procedure) 1.1 for post-cure to
  manufacturer specn 1.3 for operation up to
  45ºC 1.5 for operation over 45ºC

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Safety factors

• BS 49941987 (FRP vessels and tanks)
• k1 1.5 3.0
• k2 1.2 2.0
• k3 1.0 1.25
• k4 1.1 2.0
• k5 1.1 1.5
• K 6.534 67.5
• defaults to 8

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CE marking
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The CE mark

• The official marking required by the European
  Community for all Electric- and Electronic
  equipment that will be sold, or put into service
  for the first time, anywhere in the European
  community.
• It proves to the buyer -or user- that this
  product fulfills all essential safety and
  environmental requirements as they are defined in
  the so-called European Directives. The CE
  markings directive (93/68/EEC) was adopted in
  1993. It amends 12 other directives.
• The CE-directive gives a detailed description of
  the initials CE and any other marks specific to a
  particular directive and the ways conformity may
  be acquired.
• The CE-mark must be put on the equipment, it's
  size must be 5 mm (0.2") or larger.

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The CE mark

• In return for fulfilling the CE marking
  requirements,the manufacturer or its agent gets
  the opportunity to cover the entire European
  market using only one approval procedure for the
  topics covered in the miscellaneous directives.
• The member states of the EC cannot refuse any
  electronic or electrical product that has been CE
  marked (unless fraud suspected).
• For some products however, national regulations
  may exist, as long as the topics covered in these
  national regulations are not covered by a
  pan-European Directive. An example is Ergonomics
  in Germany for PC-related equipment.

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The CE mark

• The manufacturer needs however
• be European,
• or have an official department in the European
  Community,
• or have an official agent or representative that
  is willing to take the liability for the
  CE-marking.
• The CE mark is sufficient to allow exporting to
  all EC members
• There are some restrictions left over for
  language variations in user documentation,
  notably safety instructions should be in the
  language of the country you are exporting to.
• The attachment of the CE mark to your product
  MUST be founded on a Compliance statement of the
  manufacturer or importer.

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The CE mark

• 90/385/EEC Active Implantable Medical Devices
  Directive
• 94/9/EC ATEX Directive (Electrical equipment for
  use in explosive atmospheres)
• 2000/9/EC Cableway Installations for Passengers
  Directive
• 93/68/EEC The CE Marking Directive
• 93/15/EEC Civil Uses of Explosives Directive
• 89/106/EEC Construction Products Directive
• 89/336/EEC Electromagnetic Compatibility
  Directive
• 96/57/EC Energy Efficiency Requirements
  Household Refrigerators and Freezers
• 92/75/EEC Energy Labelling Directive
• 90/396/EEC Gas Appliances Directive
• 92/42/EEC Hot Water Boilers Energy Efficiency
  Directive
• 98/79/EC In-vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices
• 95/16/EC Lift Safety Directive
• 73/23/EEC Low Voltage Directive
• Hot-links from http//www.conformance.co.uk/CE_MAR
  KING/celist.html

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The CE mark

• 98/37/EC Machinery Safety Directive
• 93/42/EEC Medical Devices Directive
• 2000/14/EC Noise Emission of Outdoor Equipment
  Directive
• 90/384/EEC Non-automatic Weighing Equipment
  Directive
• 89/686/EEC Personal Protective Equipment
  Directive
• 97/23/EC Pressure Equipment Directive
• 1999/5/EC Radio and Telecommunications Terminal
  Equipment Directive
• 94/25/EC Recreational Craft Directive
• 98/13/EC Satellite Earth Station Equipment
  Directive
• 87/404/EEC Simple Pressure Vessels Directive
• 98/13/EC Telecommunications Terminal Equipment
  Directive
• 88/378/EEC Toy Safety Directive
• Hot-links from http//www.conformance.co.uk/CE_MAR
  KING/celist.html

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Recreational Craft Directive (RCD)
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Recreational Craft Directive

• Image from http//ec.europa.eu/enterprise/maritime
  /maritime_regulatory/rc_introduction.htm

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Recreational Craft Directive

• The Recreational Craft Directive
  (94/25/EEC) Design and construction of
  boats from 2.5m to 24m hull length plus
  specified components.
• Published in Official Journal L164 (30 June 1994)
• In force 16 June 1996 (transition ends 15 June
  1998)
• Implemented in the UK by the Recreational Craft
  Regulations 1996 (SI 19961353)

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Recreational Craft Directive

• The Directive does not apply to
• craft intended solely for racing
• canoes, kayaks, gondolas and pedalos
• surfboards and sailboards
• historical replicas
• submersibles
• hovercraft and hydrofoils
• craft intended to be crewedand to carry
  passengers for commercial purposes(these are
  covered by another directive).
• craft built for use by the builder are also
  excluded provided they are not subsequently
  placed on the market for at least five years.

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Recreational Craft Directive

• Particular items of equipment are also covered
• ignition-protected equipment for inboard and
  stern drive engines
• start-in-gear protection devices for outboard
  engines
• steering wheels, steering mechanisms and cable
  assemblies
• fuel tanks and fuel hoses
• prefabricated hatches and portlights.

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Recreational Craft Directive

• Administration requirements
• the product be marked with the CE logo
• the manufacturer compile a file of technical
  information
• In the case of complete craft or hulls, this file
  is to include test reports or calculations
  demonstrating that the craft has adequate
  stability in the anticipated sea conditions. The
  manufacturer also has to complete a Declaration
  of Conformity.
• the Directive also lays down requirements for
  type testing by a notified body and/or quality
  control procedures
• no special provision for used craft
• as such it is impossible for second hand craft to
  comply
• used craft cannot be CE marked and therefore
  cannot be legally imported into the EEA

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RCD file of technical info.

• file of technical information
• In the case of complete craft or hulls, this
  file is to include test reports or calculations
  demonstrating that the craft has adequate
  stabilityin the anticipated sea conditions.
• the manufacturer also has to complete a
  Declaration of Conformity.

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Directive 2003/44/ECamending Directive 94/25/EC

• extend RCD scope to personal watercraft such as
  jet skis.
• limit values for exhaust (CO, hydrocarbon,
  nitrogen oxides and various pollutants) sound
  emissions of petrol/diesel engines

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Classification societies
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Classification society (UK)

• Lloyds Register of Shipping
• Rules and Regulations for the Classification of
  Special Service Craft, 2003
• for classification of monohull and multihull
  craft, yachts, high speed and light displacement
  craft constructed from steel, aluminium alloys
  and composites.

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Classification societies o/seas

• American Bureau of Shipping (USA)
• Bureau Veritas (France)
• Det Norske Veritas (Norway)
• Registro Italiano Navale Group (RINA)