10th American History Unit IV- A Champion of Democracy

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10th American HistoryUnit IV- A Champion of
Democracy

• Chapter 14 Section 4
• The Homefront

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The Home Front

• The Main Idea
• While millions of military men and women were
  serving in World War II, Americans on the home
  front were making contributions of their own.
• Reading Focus
• What sacrifices and struggles did Americans at
  home experience?
• How did the U.S. government seek to win American
  support for the war?
• What was Japanese internment?
• How did World War II help expand the role of the
  government in the lives of the American people?

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Sacrifice and Struggle for Americans at Home

• Americans planted victory gardens.
• The United States began rationing food items such
  as coffee, butter, sugar, and meat.
• Metal, glass, rubber, and gasoline were scarce
  goods.
• Americans held scrap drives to collect waste
  materials that might be used in the war effort.

Conserving Food and other Goods

• Americans bought billions of dollars worth of war
  bonds.
• Over half of the population did their civic duty
  and bought war bonds.

Investing in Victory

• Families dealt with the absence of loved ones by
  displaying a flag with a blue star.
• Americans read news accounts of the war with
  great interest (Ernie Pyle newspaper
  journalist).

Paying the Personal Price
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War Bonds

• War Bonds provided a crucial source of revenue
  for the war effort. By sponsoring public stunts
  such as celebrity auctions, the federal
  government used War Bonds to sell the war to the
  American public instead of relying on American
  involvement in the war to sell bonds.
• U.S. government to market Series E bonds as "war
  bonds", "war loans", "victory bonds", and by
  other names meant to appeal to a sense of
  patriotism.
• By the time war-bond sales ended in 1946, 85
  million Americans had purchased more than 185
  billion worth of the securities, often through
  automatic deductions from their paychecks

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Victory Gardens

• Victory gardens, also called war gardens or food
  gardens for defense, were vegetable, fruit and
  herb gardens planted at private residences in the
  United States, Canada, and United Kingdom during
  World War I and World War II to reduce the
  pressure on the public food supply brought on by
  the war effort.
• In addition to indirectly aiding the war effort
  these gardens were also considered a civil
  "morale booster" in that gardeners could feel
  empowered by their contribution of labor and
  rewarded by the produce grown.

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Scrap Drives

• Recent historical studies indicate that the scrap
  drives were more important as morale boosters
  than in providing essential products for the war
  effort.
• But, the general public did get caught up in the
  patriotic enthusiasm -- some saved tin foil from
  gum wrappers, making a tin foil ball until it
  reached a size large enough to be accepted by the
  collection site.
• Scrap paper was more easily collected and was
  used to package armaments.
• Grease was saved and recycled to make ammunition.
  
• Salvaged kitchen fat was used to produce
  glycerin, an ingredient in drugs and explosives.
• Although the rubber recycling industry did
  produce a fair amount of material throughout the
  war, the rubber scrap drive didn't significantly
  boost its output. The real solution to the rubber
  shortage was development of synthetic rubber and
  conservation.
• Gas rationing was primarily meant to save tires,
  not gas.
• Recycling of steel and iron unquestionably
  helped. One campaign netted five million tons of
  steel in just three weeks, and scrap-metal drives
  continued for most of the war. But could go too
  far.

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Rationing

• NOT ALL FOOD IS RATIONED - Chief un-rationed
  items are eggs, fresh fruits and vegetables,
  dried and dehydrated fruits (prunes, raisins,
  etc.) fish and shellfish of all varieties except
  that in sealed containers, bread and cereals,
  milk, grain products such as spaghetti, macaroni
  and noodles, poultry and game, jams, preserves
  and jellies, mayonnaise and salad dressing,
  perishable cheeses.
• RED STAMP RATIONING - This covers all meats,
  butter, fats and oils, and cheese (except the
  soft, perishable varieties). Each person is
  allowed sixteen points a week. Red coupons in War
  Ration Book 2 marked D are valid this week. These
  coupons and any A, B and C coupons saved from the
  preceding three weeks may be used at any time
  through April 30.
• BLUE STAMP RATIONING - G, H and J blue stamps in
  War Ration Book 2, worth a total of forty-eight
  points a person, become valid tomorrow, April 24,
  and are good throughout the month of May. D, E
  and F blue stamps, in use since March 25, expire
  Friday, April 30. Thus there will be an overlap
  period of one week in which all six stamps will
  be valid. These stamps cover canned, bottled and
  frozen fruits and vegetables and their juices,
  dry beans, peas, lentils, etc., and processed
  foods such as soups, baby foods, baked beans,
  catsup and chili sauce.

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Rationing

• Civilian consumption increased 22 during the
  war.
• Production stopped on many civilian items, such
  as automobiles, new houses, and new appliances.
• Many commodities, such as meat, sugar, butter,
  coffee, gasoline, tires, shoes and clothing were
  rationed.
• Local schools set up stations where people could
  get their ration coupons (with teachers handling
  the paperwork.)
• Each person (regardless of age) received the same
  food and clothing coupons.
• To purchase an item three things were needed
• the storekeeper had to have the item in the first
  place
• the purchaser had to have the cash, and had to
  have the coupons
• Most automobile drivers received coupons for 3
  gallons a week
• There was plenty of gasoline the rationing was
  an efficient way to ration automobile tires
• Bread, milk and beer were not rationed.
• People eating in restaurants had to pay with cash
  and ration coupons.
• Rationing was generally supported by the civilian
  population, although there was some black market
  activity, that is, purchase of an item without
  the coupons.
• The government hunted down and prosecuted black
  marketeers.
• There was much "gray market" activity--that is
  family and neighbors selling or trading ration
  coupons that was technically illegal but rarely
  prosecuted.

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Cinema Stars Aid America's War Bond Drive (0122)
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Service Star Banner

• Display of the Service Star Banner first came
  about during World War I. During WWI and WWII
  most flags were hand made by mothers across the
  nation. One of the most famous flags was that of
  the five Sullivan brothers who all perished on
  the U.S.S. Juneau.
• Each blue star on the flag represents a service
  member in active duty. A gold star is displayed
  if a service member is killed in action or dies
  in service. If several stars are displayed in one
  family the gold star takes the honor of being
  placed at the top.

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Sacrifice and Struggle at Home

• What sacrifices and struggles did Americans at
  home experience?
• Identify- What kinds of materials were collected
  in scrap drives?
• Summarize How did rationing work?
• Predict If Americans had not purchased war
  bonds, how might the U.S. have financed the war
  effort?

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American Support for the War
Roosevelt called on the nation to protect the
four freedoms freedom of speech, freedom of
worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.
The Office of War Information spread propaganda,
or information and ideas designed to promote a
cause. Examples included posters encouraging
people to join the armed forces or to save
gasoline. The OWI also warned the public about
the dangers they faced.
Hollywood made a series of patriotic films that
featured soldiers and workers on the home front.
Sometimes the drive to influence public attitudes
led to conflict. For example, the Barnette
ruling argued that Americans could not be forced
to salute the flag.
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Office of War Information

• The Office of War Information (OWI) was created
  in 1942 and served as an important U.S.
  government propaganda agency during World War II.
• The OWI was established by Executive Order 9182
  on June 13, 1942.
• sought to review and approve the design and
  content of government posters. To inspire fear
  and show harmful outcomes of improper actions and
  attitudes.
• directly produced radio series.
• produced a series of 267 newsreels in 16 mm film.
• established the Voice of America in 1942.
• contained two photographic units whose
  photographers documented the country's
  mobilization during the early years of the war,
  concentrating on such topics as aircraft
  factories and women in the workforce.

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West Virginia State Board of Education v.
Barnette,

• (1943) was a decision by the Supreme Court of the
  United States that held that the Free Speech
  Clause of the First Amendment to the United
  States Constitution protected students from being
  forced to salute the American flag and say the
  Pledge of Allegiance in school.
• It was a significant court victory won by
  Jehovah's Witnesses, whose religion forbade them
  from saluting or pledging to political
  institutions or symbols. However, the Court did
  not address the effect the compelled salutation
  and recital ruling had upon their particular
  religious beliefs, but instead ruled that the
  state did not have the power to compel speech in
  that manner for anyone.

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FDR Four Freedoms

• Freedoms are goals famously articulated by United
  States President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the
  State of the Union Address he delivered to the
  77th United States Congress on January 6, 1941.
• In an address also known as the Four Freedoms
  speech, Roosevelt enumerated four points as
  fundamental freedoms humans "everywhere in the
  world" ought to enjoy
• Freedom of speech and expression
• Freedom of every person to worship God in his own
  way
• Freedom from want
• Freedom from fear

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Winning American Support for the War

• How did the U.S. government seek to win American
  support for the war?
• Identify- What were Roosevelts Four Freedoms?
• Evaluate Do you think that the government
  needed to create an agency to build support for
  the war effort? Explain your answer.

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Winning American Support for the War

• Summarize- What part did the Hollywood film
  industry play in the war effort?
• Evaluate Why did the Jehovahs Witnesses
  challenge a law requiring students to salute the
  American flag?

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Japanese American Internment

• Executive Order 9066
• After Pearl Harbor, military officials began to
  investigate the Japanese American community for
  signs of spying or other illegal activity.
• It was recommended that all people of Japanese
  background be removed from the West Coast.
• Order 9066 established military zones and could
  force people to leave these zones.
• Japanese Americans in California, Washington,
  Oregon, and Arizona were forced into internment
  camps.
• Many lost their homes and businesses.

• Japanese American Loyalty
• While interned, Japanese Americans were forced to
  answer questions about their loyalty to the
  United States.
• German and Italian Americans also faced
  restrictions.
• Many young people from the camps joined the armed
  forces to prove their loyalty.
• Not all Japanese Americans accepted their
  internment peacefully.
• Some mounted legal challenges such as Korematsu
  v. United States.

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Nisei Japanese-Americans During Wartime (0105)
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Executive Order 9066 Japanese Internment Camps
(0346)
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Korematsu v. United States (1944)

• The Supreme Court tried to find the right balance
  between the rights of Japanese Americans and
  wartime needs.
• Fred Korematsu refused the executive order that
  relocated 110,000 Japanese Americans to
  internment camps.
• Korematsu was born in Oakland, California, and
  was an American citizen.
• He was arrested and then appealed his case to the
  Supreme Court.
• The Supreme Court ruled against Korematsu stating
  that the relocation order was justified as a
  temporary wartime measure.
• He continued to work for civil rights and had his
  conviction overturned in 1983.

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Japanese Internment

• What was Japanese internment?
• Explain- What did Executive Order 9066 do?
• Make Inferences Why do you think some Japanese
  Americans were interned in barren areas, far from
  their homes?
• Elaborate Why do you think only Japanese
  Americans and not German Americans, were singled
  out for internment?

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New Roles for Federal Government

• The Office of Price Administration placed limits
  on the prices businesses could charge for
  products and materials.
• The War Production Board made sure the military
  got the products and resources it needed.
• The WPB placed limits on clothing manufacturers.
• The WPB placed restrictions on clothing. For
  examples, jackets were only allowed to be a
  certain length.
• Government spending during the war rose sharply.
  Most of the money went to the armed forces.
• The government increased income tax rates to help
  pay for the war. Millions paid income taxes for
  the very first time.

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Office of Price Administration

• The functions of the OPA- (established to prevent
  wartime inflation)
• stabilize prices (price controls) and rents after
  the outbreak of World War II.
• place ceilings on all prices except agricultural
  commodities
• ration scarce supplies of other items, including
  tires, automobiles, shoes, nylon, sugar,
  gasoline, fuel oil, coffee, meats and processed
  foods. At the peak, almost 90 of retail food
  prices were frozen.
• It could also authorize subsidies for production
  of some of those commodities.

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War Production Board

• To ensure that the armed forces and war
  industries received the resources for their
  ever-growing needs.
• Decided which companies would convert from
  peacetime to wartime production and allocated raw
  materials to key industries.
• Organized nationwide drives to collect scrap
  iron, tin cans, paper, rags, and cooking fat for
  recycling into war goods.

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Taxes

• Beginning in 1940, the government extended the
  income tax to virtually all Americans and began
  collecting the tax via the now-familiar method of
  continuous withholdings from paychecks (rather
  than lump-sum payments after the fact). The
  number of Americans required to pay federal taxes
  rose from 4 million in 1939 to 43 million in
  1945.
• All told, taxes provided about 136.8 billion of
  the war's total cost of 304 billion

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A New Role for the Federal Government

• How did World War II help expand the role of the
  government in the lives of the American people?
• Explain How did the federal government raise
  money to help pay for the war effort?
• Make Inferences What was the connection between
  the War Production Board and the fashion industry?