CP PHYSIOLOGY: TISSUES, GLANDS,

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CP PHYSIOLOGY TISSUES, GLANDS, MEMBRANES
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• tissue an organized group or
• layer of cells working together

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• Histology the study of tissues
• matrix a nonliving portion of all tissues, an
  intercellular substance

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4 major types

• 1. epithelial
• Lining / covering, glandular tissue
• function in secretion, absorption, protection,
  filtration
• Covers organs, lines body cavities, forms glands

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4 major types

• 2. connective
• supports softer body parts
• binds structures together
• protection, insulation, transportation

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4 major types

• 3. muscle
• Contracts to produce movement

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4 major types

• 4. nervous
• conducts impulses to control coordinate body
  activities

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EPITHELIAL TISSUES?

• widespread covers all free body surfaces,
  covers and lines internal organs body cavities,
  also forms glands

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EPITHELIAL TISSUES?

• free on one side the apical surface, anchored
  to connective tissue on the other by a basement
  membrane

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EPITHELIAL TISSUES?

• Cells are tightly packed so they make good
  barriers
• Make specialized contacts between adjacent cells
• May have microvilli or cilia
• lack blood vessels avascular

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EPITHELIAL TISSUES?

• Innervated have a nerve supply
• divide frequently
• functions include protection, secretion,
  absorption, excretion, sensory reception

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EPITHELIAL TISSUES?

• classified according to cell shape and the of
  layers of cells
• simple 1 layer
• most concerned with absorption, secretion,
  filtration
• stratified 2 layers
• common in high-abrasion areas where protection is
  important

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EPITHELIAL TISSUES?

• squamous thin flat cells
• cuboidal cube-shaped cells
• columnar elongated cells like a column

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simple squamous epithelium?

• a single layer of thin, flattened cells
• Disc-shaped, central nucleus

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simple squamous epithelium?

• resembles floor tiles, but easily damaged
• substances pass easily through them

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simple squamous epithelium?

• location lining air sacs of lungs heart,
  walls of capillaries, inside blood lymph
  vessels, covering membranes that line body
  cavities

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simple cuboidal epithelium?

• a single layer of cube-shaped cells
• round, centrally located nuclei

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simple cuboidal epithelium?

• location covers ovaries, lines kidney tubules,
  lines the ducts of salivary glands, thyroid
  gland, pancreas, liver

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simple cuboidal epithelium?

• functions secretion absorption in kidneys
  secretion in glands

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simple columnar epithelium

• a single layer of elongated cells
• nuclei are oval evenly distributed close to the
  basement membrane
• may be ciliated

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simple columnar epithelium

• may have microvilli to increase the surface area
  for absorption
• may be accompanied by goblet cells which secrete
  mucus

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simple columnar epithelium

• Location lining uterus, stomach, small large
  intestine
• functions protection, secretion of digestive
  fluids, absorption of nutrients from digested food

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pseudostratified columnar epithelium

• appear layered due to uneven nuclei but they
  really arent
• commonly have cilia goblet cells

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pseudostratified columnar epithelium

• location line passages of the respiratory
  system
• function trap dust microorganisms with mucus,
  then move them out with cilia

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stratified squamous epithelium

• many layers of cells making up the outer layer of
  skin
• skin cells divide in deeper layers, then get
  pushed up as they age

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stratified squamous epithelium

• aging skin cells accumulate keratin, harden,
  die
• produces a dry, tough, protective material

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stratified squamous epithelium

• locations epidermis, lining the mouth, throat,
  vagina, anal canal

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stratified cuboidal epithelium

• 2-3 layers of cube-shaped cells
• form the lining of a lumen

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stratified cuboidal epithelium

• location lining larger ducts of mammary glands,
  sweat glands, salivary glands, pancreas,
  developing ovarian follicles, seminiferous
  tubules

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stratified cuboidal epithelium
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stratified columnar epithelium

• several layers of cells elongated on the surface,
  and cube-shaped underneath

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stratified columnar epithelium

• location urethra, vas deferens, pharynx

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transitional epithelium

• specialized to change in response to tension
• location inner lining of bladder, ureters,
  urethra

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transitional epithelium

• function provides an expandable lining a
  barrier to contain the contents of the urinary
  tract

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glandular epithelium

• specialized cells which secrete substances
• usually found within columnar cuboidal epithelia

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glandular epithelium

• constitute glands
• endocrine glands secrete their products into
  tissue fluid or blood

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glandular epithelium

• exocrine glands secrete products into ducts
  that open onto a surface

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CONNECTIVE TISSUES?

• function to bind structures, provide support
  protection, serve as frameworks, fill spaces,
  store fat, produce blood cells, protect against
  infections, help repair tissue damage

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CONNECTIVE TISSUES?

• made of cells matrix fibers ground
  substance
• can divide
• generally have a good blood supply
• most abundant
• widely distributed of
• the primary tissues

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CONNECTIVE TISSUES?

• contain a variety of cell types
• fibroblasts star-shaped cells that produce
  fibers

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CONNECTIVE TISSUES?

• macrophages move around act as scavenger
  cells using phagocytosis

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CONNECTIVE TISSUES?

• mast cells release heparin to prevent blood
  clots histamine to promote reactions associated
  with inflammation allergies

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CONNECTIVE TISSUES?

• connective tissue fibers
• collagenous fibers white fibers
• flexible but only slightly elastic
• great strength resist pulling forces
• important components of ligaments tendons

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CONNECTIVE TISSUES?

• elastic fibers yellow fibers
• made of elastin, very stretchy
• common in vocal cords

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CONNECTIVE TISSUES?

• reticular fibers
• very thin, highly branched
• form delicate supporting networks in a variety of
  tissues

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• 2 categories of proper connective tissue
• Loose
• Areolar, Adipose, reticular
• Dense
• Dense regular, dense irregular

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CONNECTIVE TISSUES?

• loose areolar connective tissue
• forms delicate, thin membranes throughout the
  body
• binds skin to underlying organs, fills space
  between muscles, nourishes epithelial cells
  (basement membrane)

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CONNECTIVE TISSUES?

• adipose tissue / fat
• stores fat in droplets
• found under skin, in muscle, around kidneys,
  behind eyeballs, in abdominal membranes, on the
  heart in joints
• function cushions joints kidneys, insulates
  skin, stores energy

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Reticular c.t.?

• Fibers form a soft internal skeleton that
  supports other cell types
• Located in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen

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CONNECTIVE TISSUES?

• dense regular connective tissue
• made of parallel collagen fibers fibroblasts
• very strong but has a poor blood supply
• found in tendons, ligaments

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CONNECTIVE TISSUES?

• dense irregular connective tissue
• made of collagen fibers fibroblasts, no
  pattern
• very strong but has a poor blood supply
• found in white layer of the eyeball, deeper skin
  layers (dermis)

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CONNECTIVE TISSUES?

• cartilage
• provides support, frameworks, and attachments
• protects underlying tissues
• forms structural models for developing bones
• cartilage cells are called chondrocytes

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CONNECTIVE TISSUES?

• 3 types of cartilage
• hyaline cartilage ends of bones, end of nose
• elastic cartilage ears, larynx
• fibrocartilage intervertebral discs, knees,
  pelvis

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CONNECTIVE TISSUES?

• bone osseous tissue
• hardness due to calcium salts in the matrix
• protects brain, heart lungs, forms RBCs,
  mineral storage release
• bone cells are called
  osteocytes

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CONNECTIVE TISSUES?

• blood
• composed of RBCs, WBCs, platlets suspended in a
  matrix called blood plasma
• transports nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases,
  etc
• helps maintain a stable internal environment
• an atypical connective tissue

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MUSCLE TISSUES?

• made of muscle fibers that shorten when they
  contract

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MUSCLE TISSUES?

• skeletal muscle tissue
• connected to bones via tendons
• voluntary under conscious control
• striated striped
• multinucleated many nuclei per cell
• makes up 40 of the body

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MUSCLE TISSUES?

• smooth muscle tissue
• not striated
• involuntary
• 1 centrally located nucleus per spindle-shaped
  cell
• found in the walls of the stomach, intestine,
  bladder, uterus, blood vessels
• peristalsis wavelike rhythmic contractions

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MUSCLE TISSUES?

• cardiac muscle tissue
• striated
• involuntary
• 1 nucleus per cell uninucleate
• cells are joined end-to-end at junctions called
  intercalated discs which allow the heart to act
  as one unit

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NERVOUS TISSUES?

• composed of nerve cells (neurons) neuroglial
  cells (support cells)
• located in the brain, spinal cord, peripheral
  nerves
• Neuroglia?

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NERVOUS TISSUES?

• all receive conduct electrochemical impulses
• coordinate, regulate, integrate many body
  functions sensory reception
• Neuron?

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NERVOUS TISSUES?

• neurons conduct impulses to other neurons, to
  muscles, or to glands
• unique cell shape includes a cell body,
  dendrites, and axon up to 3 feet in length