Hortatory 1st plural: let us

1
Chapter 43
Hortatory Subjunctive

• Hortatory 1st plural let us
• Jussive 3rd singular/plural let
  him/her/it/them

2
The Hortatory Subjunctive
(hortor,-ari urge, encourage)
1st person plural Let us negative ne Let
us not

• Oremus. Let us pray.
• Magna cum diligentia audiamus.
• Let us listen with great care.
• Teneamus novum consilium nostrum.
• Let us hold-on-to our new plan.
• Ne erremus.
• Let us not make a mistake.
• Ne fugiamus.
• Let us not flee.

3
The Jussive Subjunctive
(iubeo,-ere bid, order)
3rd person singular/plural Let
him/her/it/them negative ne Let
him/her/it/them not

• Socii arment. Let the allies arm themselves.
• Miles capiat novum pilum ac scutum.
• Let the soldier take a new javelin and shield.
• Ne errent.
• Let them not make a mistake.
• Ne a proelio fugiat.
• Let him not flee from the battle.

4
The Optative Subjunctive
(opto,-are wish for, choose)
Often accompanied by the particle
utinam, translated May or I hope that

• Utinam socii se arment. May/I hope the allies
  arm themselves.
• Miles capiat novum pilum ac scutum.
• I hope that the soldier takes a new javelin and
  shield.
• Ne errent.
• May/I hope they do not make a mistake.
• Utinam ne a proelio fugiat.
• I hope that he does not flee from the battle.

5
Deliberative Question
Asking a question, the answer to which is very
much in doubt!
Quid nos faciamus? What are we to do? Quid ego
dicam? What can I say? What am I to say??
6
Possibility (Potential)

• Putem ego te esse fortiorem quam me putes autem
  tu eum esse fortiorem quam omnes.
• I would/could/might think that you are braver
  than I however you would/could/might think that
  he is braver than everyone.