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The EU and the UKs arrangements for Air Quality Management

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Air Quality Management has a long history in the UK ... a commission to deal with the 'foul air' in London which proposed penalties for coal burning ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: The EU and the UKs arrangements for Air Quality Management


1
The EU and the UKs arrangements for Air Quality
Management
  • Simon Eggleston
  • Liaoning Integrated Environmental Programme

2
This Presentation
  • Introduction
  • Current Arrangements
  • Industrial Control
  • Local Air Quality Assessment
  • Monitoring
  • Public Information

3
History the UK
  • Air Quality Management has a long history in the
    UK
  • In 1285, King Edward I set up a commission to
    deal with the foul air in London which proposed
    penalties for coal burning

4
 1952 Smog
  • Over 4000 people died.
  • TSPgt1.5 mg/m3.
  • SO2gt0.75 mg/m3.
  • Led to effective action.

5
Action
  • The 1956 and 1968 Clean Air Acts.
  • Smoke Control Zones
  • Trend to gas and electricity.
  • Public were willing to co-operate.
  • National monitoring programme established.

6
However
  • These mainly targeted smoke
  • Trans-boundary pollution a serious problem
  • A consistent approach was needed
  • Other pollution issues required a more integrated
    approach

7
Control of Industrial Sources
  • IPC PPC

8
UK Control of industrial sources
  • Integrated Pollution Control (IPC)
  • For the most potentially polluting or technically
    complex processes
  • Concerns releases to air, land, and water
  • To use the Best Available Techniques Not
    Entailing Excessive Cost
  • To ensure consideration of releases from
    industrial processes to all media in the context
    of the effect on the environment as a whole
  • Administered by the Environment Agency (Scottish
    Environmental Protection Agency in Scotland)

9
Environmental Protection Act 1990
  • Regime A - This is an integrated permitting
    regime. Emissions to the air, land and water of
    the potentially more polluting processes are
    regulated. The Environment Agency is the
    regulator.
  • Regime B - This regime permits processes with a
    lesser potential for polluting emissions. Only
    emissions to the air are regulated. The Local
    Authority is the regulator.

10
Pollution Prevention and Control (PPC)
  • Replacing IPC and LAPC
  • Implements EU directive 96/61
  • Being phased in between 2000 and 2007

11
Pollution Prevention and Control 1999
  • Regime A1 - This is an integrated permitting
    regime. Emissions to the air, land and water of
    potentially more polluting processes are
    regulated. The Environment Agency is the
    regulator.
  • Regime A2 - This is an integrated permitting
    regime. Emissions to the air, land and water of
    processes with a lesser potential to pollute are
    regulated. The Local Authority is the regulator.
  • Regime B - This is the permitting of processes
    with a lesser potential to pollute. Only
    emissions to the air are regulated. The Local
    Authority is the regulator.

12
Air Quality Management
13
Air Quality Management
  • EU level
  • Overall targets and approach
  • National Level
  • Implemented into nation legislation
  • Guidance and oversight
  • Local Authorities
  • Air Quality Assessment and review
  • Air Quality Actions Plans

14
EU Directives
  • Framework Directive
  • National Emissions Ceiling Directive
  • Also
  • Emissions Reporting
  • CO2 Reporting Mechanism
  • Emission Regulations
  • Large Combustion Plant Directives

15
Framework Directive (96/62/EC)
  • Defines the basic principals of a common strategy
  • Objectives for AQ for health and environment
  • Common approach to assess AQ
  • Obtain adequate information and make it public
  • Aims to maintain good AQ and improve poor AQ

16
EU Directives
  • Daughter Directive ( 99/30/EC)
  • Establish limit and alert values for SO2, NO2,
    NOx, Particulates and Lead
  • Assess concentrations of these pollutants
  • Obtain information and make it public
  • Maintain and improve levels of these pollutants

17
Definitions
  • Agglomeration urban area with over 250,000
    inhabitants
  • Zone region of country
  • Limit Value level not to be exceeded to prevent
    damage to human health/environment
  • Alert Threshold level with risk to health,
    action to be taken
  • Upper Assessment Threshold, UAT levels less
    than this can be assessed with monitoring and
    modelling
  • Lower Assessment Threshold, LAT levels less
    than this can be assessed with modelling only.

18
Zones Agglomerations
Slide 18
19
Framework
  • Set limit values and alert thresholds
  • Asses ambient AQ
  • Measurements in
  • Agglomerations (gt250,00 inhabitants)
  • Zones where levels between UAT and LAT
  • Zones where levels exceed the limit values
  • Combination of monitoring and modelling allowed
  • Zones less than LAT modelling only acceptable

20
Limits µg/m3
Number in Brackets is maximum number of
exceedances in one year
21
Limits µg/m3
Number in Brackets is maximum number of
exceedances in one year
22
Monitoring - Numbers of sites
23
UK Approach
  • UK approach based on EU Directives
  • Directives represent international agreement on
    best practice
  • Monitoring is part of assessment, proportional to
    problem

24
UK Approach
  • National Governments
  • Set Targets, AQ Strategy and oversee process
  • Local Governments
  • Assess Air Quality
  • If necessary declare an Air Quality Action Area
    and develop Action Plans

25
Review and Assessment
  • Phase 1 Initial Screening
  • Phase 2 Review areas of highest concentration
    Some modelling and monitoring possible.
  • Phase 3 Detailed modelling and monitoring
    assessment

26
Air Quality Management
  • Establishing key pollutants sources
  • Determining the pollutant levels
  • Estimating the impacts on human health
  • Identifying feasible abatement options and costs
  • Estimating the impacts abatement alternatives
  • Determining priorities with high benefit/cost
    ratios

27
Air Quality Management Areas
An Air Quality Management Area has been declared
by this Local Authority
Review completed. No Air Quality Management Area
has been declared by this Local Authority
   
       
The Local Authority has not completed the review
and assessment process
       
       
The Local Authority has completed the review and
assessment process and is evaluating the need for
an Air Quality Management Area
28
Local Authority Legislation
  • 1990, Environment Protection Act, Town
    Country Planning Act, based on EC Framework
    Directive established two pollution control
    systems the Central Government (HMIP, now EA) for
    large plant, and Local Authority Air Pollution
    Control for smaller, local plant.
  • The provisions for statutory nuisance abatement
    can also be used to control emissions.
  • Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control,
    (IPPC).
  • UK National Air Quality Strategy, 1996 which was
    Initiated under part IV of the 1995 Environment
    Act.

29
Local Authority Instruments
  • Traffic management schemes
  • Land-use planning
  • Regulation of industrial emissions (EPA 1990, Pt
    I)
  • Industrial/domestic smoke control (Clean Air
    Acts, 1956, 68, 93)
  • Abatement of statutory nuisance (EPA, 1990, Pt
    III)
  • Roadside vehicle emission/ testing

30
UK Air Quality Issues in 2005
  • PM10 Likely to be the main problem
  • SO2 Only in a few places
  • CO May be a problem in very heavily-trafficked
    areas
  • Benzene/1,3 Butadiene A few specific sites
  • Lead - Only a with major industrial sources
  • NO2 May be a problem due to road traffic
  • O3 excluded from Local Air Quality Management
    process. It is hoped that Europe wide reductions
    in emissions will reduce this problem.

31
Monitoring in the UK
32
Monitoring
  • Organised Nationally with QA/QC and some funding
  • Additional local authority sites funded locally
  • Most monitoring performed by contractors

33
Monitoring in the UK
34
European Union
  • Regulations on monitoring and AQ standards after
    agreement of Member States
  • Receives monitoring data
  • Standards for compatibility and comparability

35
Department of Environment
  • Sets aims, targets and requirements
  • Awards contracts for network management and
    operation
  • Sets policy

36
Central management and Co-ordination Unit
  • Establish new sties and appoint Local Site
    Operators (LSOs)
  • Collect and distribute data within 30 minutes of
    measurement
  • Liase with QA/QC Unit
  • Training and information for LSOs
  • Archive filters etc.
  • Management of DETR assets

37
CMCU (2)
  • Contract LSOs
  • Liase and oversee sites run by others
  • Collect and distribute data for ratification by
    QA/QC unit
  • Achieve data capture of minimum 90 of hourly
    values

38
QA/QC Unit
  • Provision of manuals
  • To ratify data every 3 months
  • To ensure accuracy and precision meet DETR
    requirements
  • Provision of statistics required by EU
  • At least 2 inter-calibration and audits for each
    site a year
  • accreditation to EN45001 to perform network
    intercalibrations using traceable standards
    provided by NPL

39
Local Site Operators
  • Operate sites in accordance with procedures
    specified by CCMU and QA/QC Unit

40
Equipment Support Unit
  • To provide equipment support to sites as required
    by LSO and CCMU.
  • To provide repair, routine maintenance and
    servicing.

41
Data Dissemination Unit
  • To hold a database of air quality measurements
    from 1972 to now
  • To make all these data available on the internet
  • To distribute data as needed to the press,TV and
    forecasters
  • To distribute reports and other associated
    information

42
Alerts Information Provided
  • Time reasons for occurrence
  • Forecast of future alerts
  • Changes in concentrations reasons
  • Area concerned
  • Duration
  • Type of population potentially sensitive
  • Precautions to be taken

43
Public Information
  • To
  • Public
  • Environmental Organisations
  • Consumer Organisations
  • Organisations of Sensitive Populations
  • Health-care Organisations

44
Public Information
  • SO2, NO2, NOx and PM10 updated daily
  • Where practical SO2 and NO2 updated hourly
  • Lead updated three-monthly
  • Minimum requirements
  • Exceedances of limits and alert thresholds
  • Assessment in relation of limits and alert
    thresholds
  • Information of effects on health

45
Advantages
  • Central direction so data is correct and
    consistent across the network
  • QA/QC to highest standards
  • Focus on providing inputs to Air Quality
    Management and Policy Development
  • Cost savings by contracting network operation

46
Conclusions
  • The UK has developed a system of air pollution
    control that aims to reduce the impacts of
    pollution at minimum cost
  • Responsibilities are devolved to local
    authorities where possible, to maximise local
    input
  • The system implements EU and national legislation
    and guidance
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