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Which of the following statements is correct

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Over the counter - phenylpropanolamine - PPA. Drug Types ... Type of calorie consumed - eat complex carbohydrates and proteins, not fats ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Which of the following statements is correct


1
Which of the following statements is correct?
  • A. Sleep walking and sleep talking reflect the
    acting-out of dreams
  • B. Most people do not dream every night
  • C. Penile erections occur only during dreams with
    explicit sexual content
  • D. None of the other alternatives is correct

2
In addition to the EEG, the physiological
measures most commonly obtained in sleep research
are the
  • A. CAT and PET
  • B. CAT and DOG
  • C. EMG and EOG
  • D. WET and DRY
  • E. XNR and XRT

3
The fact that some people require less than one
hour of sleep each night is a problem for the
___ theory of sleep.
  • A. evolutionary
  • B. restoration
  • C. Freudian
  • D. circadian

4
HUNGER EATING and BODY WEIGHT
5
  • Body weight is much like the weather.
  • Everybody talks about it, but no one seems able
    to do much about it.

6
FOOD INTAKERegulated by
  • Hunger - need for nutrients
  • Taste - incentive value
  • Habit - eat to avoid hunger, includes
    sociocultural factors

7
HUNGER
  • Sensation correlated with states of nutrient
    depletion
  • Caused by contractions of an empty stomach?
  • NO

8
Caused by
  • decreased glucose utilization
  • Glucoreceptors are found in your brain, but more
    importantly,
  • in your LIVER

9
SATIETY
  • Termination of hunger prior to nutrient
    absorption

10
Caused by
  • Stretch receptors in stomach signal distention
  • Nutrient receptors in stomach signal nutrients
    are coming

11
Caused by
  • Cholecystokinin - CCK - gut hormone decreases
    food intake
  • CCK antagonists increase food intake

12
BRAIN MECHANISMS
  • Ventromedial Hypothalamus
  • VMH lesions induce overeating and obesity -
    called Frohlichs syndrome in human medicine - a
    metabolic disorder - Hyperinsulinemia

13
BRAIN MECHANISMS
  • Lateral Hypothalamus -
  • LH lesions induce undereating and death unless
    force-fed

14
BRAIN MECHANISMS
  • Neuropeptide Y injections in hypothalamus
    induce voracious eating and obesity in rats
  • Weight loss
  • NPY antagonist

15
BRAIN MECHANISMS
  • Dopamine injections in hypothalamus decrease
    food intake and body weight
  • Weight loss
  • DA agonist

16
THE FAT GENE
  • Produces leptin which is released from fat
    cells
  • Injections of leptin increase metabolism and
    decrease body weight of obese mice that lack the
    gene for the hormone

17
THE FAT GENE
  • Do obese humans lack leptin?
  • No - May not have enough receptors

18
THE FAT GENE
  • Drugs that increase sensitivity of leptin
    receptors (agonists) may treat obesity

19
  • 30
  • SECOND
  • STRETCH

20
EATING DISORDERS
  • Two officially recognized - affect 1-3 of women
    over their lifetime

21
Anorexia Nervosa
  • Voluntary undereating, extreme weight loss
  • NOT a loss of appetite
  • Intense fear of fat
  • Distorted body image

22
Anorexia Nervosa
  • Sex-linked 10 times more frequent in females
  • More frequent in gay than heterosexual males
  • Muscle dysmorphia parallel disorder in males?

23
Associated with
  • Obsession with food
  • Excessive exercise
  • Perfectionism
  • Amenorrhea - estrogens not released
  • Age at first menstruation linked to percent body
    fat

24
Causes
  • Contributing factor Cultural emphasis on
    thinness
  • Yet therapy not effective for 1-2 in 4. 1-2 in
    50 literally die to stay thin

25
  • Society must change its standards for physical
    attractiveness

26
Causes
  • Biological?
  • Hypothalamic malfunction?
  • Excessive CCK?
  • No reliable drug therapy

27
Bulimia Nervosa
  • Gorging-purging syndrome
  • Eating binges twice weekly
  • Vomiting and/or laxatives
  • Normal body weight

28
Bulimia Nervosa
  • Caused by
  • Cultural pressures
  • Insufficient CCK ???
  • Anorexic drug fenfluramine often successful
  • Prozac recently approved

29
OBESITY
  • Eating disorder?
  • Metabolic disorder?
  • Activity disorder?
  • Some of all of the above?
  • Or, NOT a disorder at all!

30
OBESITY
  • Linked to health problems except for those over
    75
  • Little evidence that weight loss improves health
    - Why?
  • Few lose weight and keep it off

31
  • Upper body fat (abdominal) more unhealthy than
    lower body (thighs and buttocks)

32
Fat Facts United States
  • 1960 1 in 4 overweight
  • 1990 1 in 3 overweight
  • Today 1 in 2 overweight
  • Today 1 in 4 obese

33
Fat FactsUnited States
  • 50 billion - weight-loss products sold
    annually
  • 70 billion - direct health costs and lost wages
  • Obesity is an epidemic!

34
Criteria
  • Body Mass Index
  • Weight in kilograms divided by the square of
    height in meters
  • Who is overweight? BMI 25-29.9
  • Obese? BMI 30

35
CAUSES OF OBESITY
36
Pathological
  • Frohlichs syndrome
  • Tumors of endocrine glands - elevated insulin
    secretion promotes fat storage

37
Overeating
  • Food tastes too good
  • We are GLUTTONS
  • The individuals FAULT

38
Set Point
  • Biologically programmed to be fat
  • Determined by heredity?
  • Body weights of family members highly correlated
  • But that could represent a shared environment

39
Set Point
  • Adult weights of adopted children are correlated
    with those of biological parents but not those of
    adoptive parents
  • Higher correlations between weights of identical
    twins than weights of fraternal twins

40
Set Point
  • Determined by early nutritional experiences?
  • Body weights during infancy are correlated with
    adult body weights

41
Stress-Induced
  • Tail pinching induces overeating and obesity in
    the rat
  • Eating might temporarily reduce stress in humans

42
  • 30
  • SECOND
  • STRETCH

43
HOW TO LOSE FAT
  • If you want to lose more than 10 to 20
    pounds, you should do so under medical guidance.
    Your physician may wish to prescribe drugs to
    help control your appetite, as well as give you a
    balanced diet to follow.

44
HOW TO LOSE FAT
  • Drugs and Diet
  • NO ! ! !

45
Drug Types
  • Amphetamines - bad side effects
  • Over the counter - phenylpropanolamine - PPA

46
Drug Types
  • Redux - first diet pill approved by FDA in 23
    years
  • Fenfluramine/phentermine
  • Fen/phen
  • For people 30 over ideal body weight

47
  • Does it work?
  • Yes!!!!!
  • BUT

48
Side Effect
  • Heart valve damage
  • Removed from market

49
ARE YOU READY TO LOSE FAT?
  • Dont diet
  • NEVER fast
  • Yo-Yo syndrome - repeated weight loss and
    weight gain increases body fat content

50
WHAT DETERMINES HOW FAT YOU ARE?
  • Number of calories consumed?
  • Surprisingly, only to a limited extent

51
WHAT DETERMINES HOW FAT YOU ARE?
  • Number of calories used?
  • Yes, but what determines this?

52
YOUR METABOLISM IS INFLUENCED BY
  • Heredity
  • Exercise
  • Type of calorie consumed - eat complex
    carbohydrates and proteins, not fats

53
And maybe its just NEAT
54
  • Non
  • Exercise
  • Activity
  • Thermogenesis

55
In other words.
  • Fidgeting!
  • Overfed 16 volunteers 1000 cal/day
  • Varied between 100 to 700 cal/day in energy
    expenditure
  • Nonvoluntary activity predicted weight gain

56
LOSE FAT BY COMBINING
  • New food habits with
  • Increased physical activity
  • Lose fat and inches

57
  • BEST ADVICE AVOID WEIGHT GAIN
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