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INTERTANKO

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Title: INTERTANKO


1
INTERTANKO
The Challenges of the Seafaring Profession Today
John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University
(Arevalo), Inc.
Minerva R. Alfonso, Maritime Advisor, INTERTANKO
2
Presentation
  • Introduction
  • Key Challenges
  • Industry Initiatives
  • Focus Issue of Piracy and Armed Robbery
  • Conclusion

3
International Association of Independent Tanker
Owners
  • Membership
  • Over 2500 tankers in membership representing ca.
    73 of the independent oil tanker fleet with
    strict membership criteria
  • 300 associate members in oil and chemical
    tanker related businesses
  • Offices in London, Oslo, Washington, Singapore
    Brussels.

4
ORGANISATION
Associate Members Committee
Safety, Technical Environmental Committee
(ISTEC)
Bunker Sub-Committee
IT Committee
Annual General Meeting
Chemical Tanker Committee (CTC)
Offshore Tanker Committee
Council
Chemical Tanker Sub-Committee Americas
Short Sea Tanker Group
Executive Committee
Human Element Committee
Vetting Committee
Management Committee
Documentary Committee
Worldscale Committee
Shipowner Issues Sub-Committee
Q-QuestSub-Committee
Environmental Committee
ASIAN REGIONAL PANEL HELLENIC FORUM LATIN
AMERICAN PANEL NORTH AMERICAN PANEL
15 issue-driven Committees 5 Regional Panels
Insurance Legal Committee
5
INTERTANKO Services
  • INTERTANKO is the voice of the tanker industry -
    representing and promoting the interests of
    responsible oil and chemical tanker owners
    worldwide
  • provides its members with technical, operational,
    legal, documentary and other support services,
    information and advice

6
Mission and Vision
  • MISSION
  • Provide leadership to the Tanker Industry in
    serving the world with the safe, environmentally
    sound and efficient seaborne transportation of
    oil, gas and chemical products.
  • VISION for the TANKER INDUSTRY
  • A responsible, sustainable and respected Tanker
    Industry, committed to continuous improvement and
    constructively influencing its future.

7
Commitment to Continuous Improvement
Primary Goal Lead the continuous improvement of
the Tanker Industrys performance in striving to
achieve the goals of Zero fatalities Zero
pollution Zero detentions
8
Seaborne Crude Oil Flows 2005
9
Record of Oil Spills
Source ITOPF. Number of spills above 700 tonnes.
10
Tanker incidents by cause 1978-2007 and
accidental pollution
1000 ts oil pollution
No. incidents
Source INTERTANKO/LMIU/ITOPF/various
11
Pollution from tankersTonnes / billion tonne mile
Tanker accidental pollution rate tonnes spilt
per bn tonne miles trade
bn tonne-m
1000 ts spilt
-45 -33
-82 Reduction per tonne miles
Source ITOPF/Fearnleys
12
Presentation
  • Introduction
  • Key Challenges
  • Industry Initiatives
  • Focus Issue of Piracy and Armed Robbery
  • Conclusion

13
Key ChallengesIndustry Image Meeting
Societys Expectations
  • Expectation that Shipping should be
  • Safe and Secure
  • Environmentally Responsible
  • Reliable
  • Efficient (low cost)
  • Zero tolerance of
  • Accidents
  • Pollution (to Sea and Atmosphere)
  • Other (e.g. unsafe, unhealthy ship demolition)

14
Key Challenges
  • Global regulation for a global industry,
  • adopted and implemented uniformly
  • Proliferation of unilateral regulations
  • National and regional regulations threaten the
    supremacy of the International Maritime
    Organization. (IMO)

15
Key Challenges
  • Human Element / Manning Issues
  • Shortage of qualified seafarers
  • Poaching
  • Faster promotions outstripping the development
    time needed to train seafarers
  • the development of enhanced compliance cultures
  • The IMO Secretary-General quoted statistics
    suggesting that some 80 per cent of accidents are
    attributable in some way to human error

16
Inter-Industry Group
  • The Inter-Industry Group consists of
  • INTERTANKO
  • International Chamber of Shipping (ICS)
  • Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF)
  • European Chemical Industry Council (CEFIC)
  • International Association of Classification
    Societies (IACS),
  • The International Group of PI Clubs (IG)
  • International Parcel Tankers Association (IPTA).

17
IIG Conclusions
  • The primary cause of these incidents could be
    attributed to the
  • failure of the crew to follow procedures.

18
Recommendations
  • To find solutions to the primary cause of the
    incidents, i.e. the Human Element
  • Application of Inert Gas to new oil tankers of
    less than 20,000 DWT and new chemical tankers.

19
Det norske Veritas Analysis of Incidents
  • reduction in the general level of experience as
    ships were crewed with more new recruits,
    retention rates declined and people were promoted
    faster.
  • Loss of experience among crews was also a stress
    factor for those who continually had to train
    new crew members.

20
Tanker contracting
m dwt
bn
VLCC 13. 4 bn Suezmax 5.9 Aframax
8.8 Panamax 2.8 Handy 22.9
(43)
Source INTERTANKO/Clarkson Shipyard Monitor
21
Key Challenges
  • Piracy
  • Criminalization
  • Global Financial Crisis

22
Presentation
  • Introduction
  • Key Challenges
  • Industry Initiatives
  • Focus Issue of Piracy and Armed Robbery
  • Conclusion

23
Industry initiatives supportingrecruitment,
training and retention
  • Raising awareness of the industry, targeting
    young people as well as media, politicians,
    regulators and the public (www.maritimefoundation.
    com)
  • Enhanced cooperation with educators/trainers
  • Policies for cadet berths and training facilities
    on ALL new ships
  • Programmes for maximum utilisation of cadet
    berths on existing ships
  • Developing industry standards for Tanker Officer
    Training, covering proficiency and experience
  • Running seminars and workshops for officers and
    seafarers on Tanker Industry issues (e.g. vetting
    seminar in Manila)

24
Industry initiatives supportingour crews
welfare and well-being
  • Speaking out against unjustified criminalisation,
    and challenging bad laws through the courts
  • Actively supporting IMO-ILO guidelines on Fair
    Treatment of Seafarers (in event of Maritime
    Accident)
  • Campaigning for improved conditions for shore
    access when security constraints active
  • Working to reduce multiple and overlapping
    inspections
  • Promoting solutions to lessen technical and
    operational burden of equipment, systems and
    associated paperwork
  • Prepared guidelines for safe handling of cargoes
    and fuels, tank cleaning and entry, and lobbying
    for better HSE information on cargoes and bunkers
  • Developed guidelines on implementing ILO
    Convention on work and rest hours
  • Promoting higher standards of accommodation as
    industry norms (including e.g. broadband, etc.)

25
TOTS - Tanker Officer Training Standards(new
INTERTANKO initiative)
  • Covers officer competences and training, as well
    as time in rank and time with company
  • An alternative approach to oil companies
    Officer Matrix requirements, based upon Time
    in Rank and Years with the Operator
  • Incorporates training modules onboard and ashore,
    as well as verification processes
  • TMSA compatible
  • Addresses Quality and Experience

26
TOTS Approvals
  • TOTS is approved as a Professional Standard by
  • The Nautical Institute.
  • The Institute of Marine Engineering Science
    Technology.

27
The Issues
  • Oil Company Officer Matrix Systems
  • Contradictory
  • Prohibits Promotion
  • Difficult to Comply with Requirements
  • Increasing Incidents
  • Officer Training
  • Human Element Factors
  • Shortage of Experienced Officers

28
The TOTS Objectives
  • Provide a coordinated response by INTERTANKO
  • Provide comfort to Oil/Cos via a structured
    controlled process
  • Enhance competency based training
  • Provide verification of understanding

29
The TOTS Objectives
  • Ensure compliance with todays rules
    regulations.
  • Ease compliance with Officer Matrix
    Requirements.
  • Ensure that the team onboard will operate the
    tanker environmentally aware safe.

30
TOTS Project Partners
  • Vetting Committee
  • HEiSC

TOTS Working Group
31
TOTS Project Partners
  • Warsash Maritime Academy
  • Simulator Training/Verification
  • Malaysian Maritime Academy
  • Engineering Skills/Modules
  • MARLINS
  • CBA Verification

32
Overview of TOTS
  • TOTS contains Four Elements
  • TOTS Training Record Books
  • Time in Rank
  • Time in Company
  • 2. TOTS Computer Based Assessment (CBA)
  • Time in Rank
  • 3. TOTS Company Verification (CBA)
  • Time with Company
  • 4. TOTS Ship Specific Practical Simulator
    Verification/Training
  • Tanker Type Specific Time in Rank
  • TMSA Part 3, 6, Stage 4

TMSA Part 3, 3, Stage 4, TMSA Part 3, 3A,
Stage 2 3 TMSA Part 3, 5, Stage 3 TMSA
Part 3, 11, Stage 1
33
TOTS Pictogram
34
TOTS Time in Rank
  • Human Element addressed in each record Book via
    CRM
  • Situational awareness
  • Planning Decision making
  • Communications
  • Teamwork
  • Emotional climate
  • Stress
  • Managing Stress
  • Commercial Organisational Pressures Morale
  • Fatigue

35
Presentation
  • Introduction
  • Key Challenges
  • Industry Initiatives
  • Focus Issue of Piracy and Armed Robbery
  • Conclusion

36
Roundtable of International Shipping Associations
  • BIMCO, International Chamber of Shipping (ICS),
    INTERCARGO and INTERTANKO
  • The Roundtable represents the entire merchant
    shipping industry worldwide

37
Roundtable Position
  • Issue of piracy and armed robbery has been a
    recurring theme on the agendas of the
    international associations for a number of years
  • ROUNDTABLE POSITION
  • It is unacceptable that merchant ships and
    merchant seamen should be subjected to armed
    attacks at sea in the 21st century.

38
Major concern
  • Extremely grave threat to the lives of the crews
    and the safe operation of ships
  • Not only are the attacks on an upward trend, but
    the level of violence has also significantly
    increased

39
IMB Annual Report 2008
  • shows an unprecedented rise in maritime hijacking
    in 2008
  • worldwide total of 293 incidents
  • 49 vessels were hijacked, 889 crew taken hostage
    and a further 46 vessels reported being fired
    upon.
  • A total of 32 crew members were injured, 11
    killed and 21 missing presumed dead.
  • Guns were used in 139 incidents
  • Most of these incidents occurred in Nigerian and
    Somalian waters

40
IMB Annual Report 2008
  • 2008 saw the largest tanker ever being hijacked
    by Somali pirates, and successful attacks being
    carried out at greater distances from land than
    in previous years. All types of vessels with
    varying freeboards and speeds were targeted. The
    pirates boarding the vessels were also better
    armed than in previous years and prepared to
    assault and injure the crew.

41
Baco-Liner 2
42
MV Hereford Express
  • Livestock Carrier ballast voyage
  • General Santos, Philippines to Broome, Australia
  • Armed attack by unidentified water borne crafts,
    7 June 2008 at 09.45
  • Lat 03 24.6N Long 125 05.1E (Indonesian
    Archipelago)

43
MV Hereford Express
44
MV Hereford Express
  • .

45
MV Hereford Express
  • .

46
Recommendations
  • The Indonesian government be formally requested
    to clarify this incident
  • The Indonesian authorities provide clear guide
    lines as to how their Marine Police and Cost
    Guard undertake interception of merchant vessels
    so that Master of merchant vessels can determine
    more clearly if it is an official approach or
    potential piracy attack.

47
Piracy Trends
  • When looking at trends from various sources like
    ReCAAP, IMO and the IMB reports one thing became
    evident
  • More and more of the incidents occur in
  • TERRITORIAL WATERS

48
Industry Solutions at Micro Level
  • This will involve actions and preventive measures
    being taken by shipowners and their crew on each
    ship

49
Actions by seafarers
  • Be vigilant
  • Reduce opportunities for theft
  • Secure Restricted Areas at all times and
    establish safe secure area(s)
  • Maintain, exercise and regularly review your Ship
    Counter-piracy Plan
  • Report all incidents to the coastal and Flag
    State authorities

50
Actions by Seafarers
  • The Counter-piracy Plan
  • The need for enhanced watch keeping use of
    lighting and surveillance, detection or perimeter
    protection equipment
  • Crew responses if a potential attack is detected
    or an attack is underway
  • The radio and alarm procedures to be followed
  • The reports that should be made after an attack,
    or an attempted attack
  • Training to ensure crew react consistently to an
    incident

51
Industry Solutions at Macro Level
  • The industry has issued its own guidance for
    merchant ships to protect themselves against
    attacks whether in territorial waters or on the
    high seas
  • Urged relevant coastal states to take effective
    action against attacks on merchant shipping in
    their territorial waters
  • Strong support to the IMO in its efforts to
    tackle the problem at inter-governmental level

52
Solutions Involvement by Governments
  • The Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating
    Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia
    (ReCAAP)
  • The Integrated Coast Guard Network of the
    Maritime Organisation for West and Central Africa
    (MOWCA)

53
Solutions Involvement by Governments
  • The European Unions Operation Atalanta
  • This Joint Action by EUNAVFOR in the GOA, the
    establishment of the Maritime Security Centre
    Horn of Africa (MSCHOA) and the subsequent "Close
    Support Group Transit" system" took over the
    French led convoy in November 2008.
  • INTERTANKO fully supports the work been
    undertaken by EUNAVFOR MSCHOA and UKMTO and has
    worked closely with them and provided staff on
    secondment to MSCHOA as "Merchant Navy Liaison
    Officers"
  • Feedback from Masters who have used the MSCHOA
    "Group Transit Corridors" is proving excellent
    and recommendatory.
  • All owners are strongly advised to register
    their companies with MSCHOA at their web site
    http//www.mschoa.eu/ 

54
Increasing Trends 3 Key Aspects
  • Very complex economic and political internal
    challenges for countries on the top of the list
    of hotspot areas
  • Capturing perpetrators major challenge, Art.
    111 UNCLOS Right of Hot Pursuit lack of
    cooperation between some regional governments
    and lack of resources
  • Loopholes in the international legal framework
    that undermines the effective prosecution of
    perpetrators

55
International law and Maritime Zones
  • Under international law, the rights and
    obligations of states with respect to attacks
    against ships are dependent upon where the attack
    took place
  • High seas / EEZ
  • Territorial waters

56
International Treaties
  • Geneva Convention on the High Seas of 1958
  • and repeated in the UN Convention on the Law of
    the Sea of 1982 Piracy (UNCLOS)
  • One of the major deficiencies of the
    international rules concerning the suppression of
    piracy is its narrow definition of piracy under
    Art. 101

57
UNCLOS Article 101 Definition of piracy
  • In order to be considered an act of piracy the
    following 5 elements should be fulfilled
  • Illegal act of violence such as robbery, murder,
    assault, rape
  • Motivated by private gains
  • Committed by persons on board a private ship
  • Directed against another vessel
  • High seas or outside any States jurisdictions

58
UNCLOS Limitations
  • 2 ships rule attacks by crews / stowaways not
    included
  • Motivated by private gains political terrorist
    type attacks not covered
  • Most attacks happen in territorial waters
    therefore acts are not punishable under Art 105.
  • Article 111. The Right of Hot Pursuit ends when
    the fleeing vessel enters its own or a third
    states territorial waters

59
Jurisdiction in the Malacca and Singapore Straits
60
SUA Convention
  • Italian cruise liner Achille Lauro 7 Oct 1985
  • 4 armed Palestinian militants (PLF) hijacked the
    ship and demanded the release of 50 Palestinian
    prisoners held in Israel (not motivated by
    private gains and therefore not covered by
    UNCLOS)
  • The gunmen killed a Jewish- American passenger (2
    ships rule not fulfilled)
  • In Egyptian waters (UNCLOS Art. 101 piracy
    definition only applicable to high seas attack)
  • Led to the promulgation of the SUA Convention
    (Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety
    of Maritime Navigation) or more commonly known as
    the Rome Convention convention in order fill the
    gaps left by UNCLOS.

61
Limitations of the SUA Convention
  • Only applicable within the jurisdiction of States
    party to it
  • the decision by the parties to enforce the Rome
    Convention is ultimately discretionary
  • The Convention does not provide for any
    sanctions against parties who fail to fulfil
    their treaty obligations

62
International law and Maritime Zones
  • Under international law, the rights and
    obligations of states with respect to attacks
    against ships are dependent upon where the attack
    took place
  • High seas / EEZ
  • Territorial waters

63
Territorial Waters
  • Within territorial waters, jurisdiction over
    armed robbers rests solely with the Coastal State

64
IMO MSC
  • The Committee reiterates its request for Member
    States to provide reports to the IMO on action
    taken by their governments against incidents
    reported to have occurred in their territorial
    waters.

65
Conclusion
  • With this I will end my presentation and I hope
    that it helped highlight the vulnerability of
    seafarers. The ship is the seafarers home, they
    are in the frontline, and it is really up to us
    working ashore to support them.

66
  • THANK YOU
  • www.intertanko.com
  • www.themaritimefoundation.com
  • www.shippingfacts.com
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