ALAN - HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY-NUTRITION AND BEHAVIOUR - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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ALAN - HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY-NUTRITION AND BEHAVIOUR
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Title: ALAN - HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY-NUTRITION AND BEHAVIOUR
1
NUTRITION AND BEHAVIOR
- By
- Alan Sabu Thomas
- PG Clinical Psychology
2
FOOD
- Food is any substance or materials eaten or drunk
to provide nutritional support for the body or
for pleasure. It usually consists of plant or
animal origin ,that contains essential nutrients,
such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins,
or minerals, and is ingested and assimilated by
an organism to produce energy, stimulate growth,
and maintain life.
3
FUNCTIONS OF FOOD
- GROWTH
- REPAIR
- ENERGY
- PROTECTION FROM DISEASE
4
COMPONENTS OF FOOD
- CARBODHYRATE
- PROTEIN
- FAT
- FIBRE
- WATER
- TRACE ELEMENTS
5
BODY MASS INDEX
- Body mass index is used to measure the healthy
body size. The body mass index (BMI), or Quetelet
index, is a heuristic measure of body weight
based on a person's weight and height. Though it
does not actually measure the percentage of body
fat, it is used to estimate a healthy body weight
based on a person's height, assuming an average
body composition. - Underweight - from 16.5 to 18.4
- Overweight - from 25 to 29.9
- Obese Class I - from 30 to 34.9
- Obese Class II- from 35 to 39.9
- Obese Class III- over 40
6
BEHAVIOURAL DETERMINANTS AND ASPECTS OF EATING
- Although infants do not begin life with a choice
of foods, some of the most obvious reflexes at
birth are those associated with eating. Infants
learn to associate eating with security and
relief from anxiety, tension, and distress.
Later, children eat in conformance to cultural
and familial standards. These ingrained meanings
attached to the roles of food in society suggest
reasons that food habits can be changed only with
difficulty. - Although the choice of certain foods as opposed
to others may greatly affect nutritional status,
food selection includes multiple environmental,
cultural, genetic, social, and sensory variables
that interact in complex ways. One exception
appears to be an innate preference for foods that
are sweet. This preference is acquired in early
childhood and continues throughout life. - Selection of foods for nutritional or health
reasons is a learned behavior. Infants have not
been shown to have an inborn ability to select a
balanced, nutritious diet. Variety of foods
available has an important effect on food
consumption the more the available foods are
varied, the more of them people will eat. - Behavior change is a key element in reducing the
risk for chronic disease. Eating behaviors are
acquired over a lifetime, to change them requires
alterations in habits that must be continued
permanently - beyond any short-term period of
intervention.
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OBESITY
- Obesity is the excessive accumulation of fat in
the body. The cause of obesity is quite simple -
fat accumulates when more calories are consumed
than are expended. - Obesity is often a familial disorder, obese
parents tend to produce obese offspring. Obesity
is more common among women than among men, and
its prevalence increases with age but decreases
among individuals of higher socioeconomic status
and greater levels of physical activity. - Once obesity is established, food choices and
caloric intake are no longer normal, and
personality differences between obese and
normal-weight individuals may be due to results
of physiologic changes, social discrimination, or
dieting. - Disparagement of body image affects a larger
percentage of obese persons than nonobese persons
who characteristically dislike their own bodies.
Such feelings are closely associated with
self-consciousness and impaired social
functioning. - Although weight reduction ought to confer great
benefits upon obese persons and be simple to
accomplish, clinical experience has shown obesity
to be remarkably resistant to treatment. The
basis of weight reduction is deceptively simple
Establish an energy deficit by consuming fewer
calories than are expended or expending more
calories than are consumed. Most such treatment
is carried out under the direction of nonmedical
groups and counsellors in programs that pose some
hazard and are of uncertain long-term
effectiveness. - Treatment measures should be specified and
outcomes evaluated treatment should be
individualized and treatment effectiveness
should be assessed. Behavioral weight control
programs usually include group participation at
weekly meetings for periods of two months or
more, and involve techniques of stimulus control,
eating behavior, reward, self-monitoring,
nutrition education and physical activity. - Obese patients who participate in regular peer
group meetings following the completion of formal
treatment maintain their weight loss better than
those who do not participate in such meetings.
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ANOREXIA NERVOSA
- Anorexia nervosa is a condition characterized by
extreme weight loss, amenorrhoea, and a
constellation of psychological problems that have
been described as the relentless pursuit of
thinness - Typical symptoms of the disease include
depression and obsessive-compulsive behaviors, it
is not clear if these psychiatric problems
preceded weight loss or occur as a result of
semistarvation. Depression is often the first
visible sign of anorexia nervosa. Abnormal
hormonal patterns characteristic of starvation
also - The clinical features of anorexia nervosa are
personality characteristics such as rigidity or
perfectionism, fear of obesity preceding the
onset of the disorder, and the symptoms of
starvation accompanying it. Serious body image
disturbance is common, manifested by a lack of
recognition of the severe emaciation and a belief
that one is too fat. Individuals are often
preoccupied with food, thinking about it much of
the time, and often engaging in bizarre eating
rituals.
9
BULIMA
- Bulimia is an eating disorder characterized by
recurrent episodes of binge eating in which large
amounts of food are consumed over a short period
of time. These episodes are usually terminated by
abdominal pain, self-induced vomiting, sleep, or
the appearance of another person on the scene. - Bulimia occurs among persons of normal weight but
is present in half the patients with anorexia
nervosa. The severity of binge eating ranges from
occasional episodes of morbid overeating at a
party to the severe form of the disorder, bulimia
nervosa, in which the vomiting or purging follows
frequent episodes of binge eating. - There are many similarities between persons with
anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Both occur
primarily in young women, although bulimia occurs
in slightly older individuals, both may relate to
the current preoccupation with thinness and
dieting. - The symptoms of depression in the majority of
bulimic patients and the presence of biologic
markers of depression suggest that bulimia may
represent a variant of mood disorder. Treatment
of bulimia is cognitive-behavioral and
pharmacologic. Behavioral treatment include
modification of the behavioral program designed
for obese patients and a combination of
cognitive-behavioral and insight-oriented
approaches.
10
PICA
- Pica is the intentional and compulsive
consumption of non-food substances. It occurs
worldwide and is common among people of either
sex and of all ages and races. Pica is often
associated with nutritional deficiencies or
toxicities, and is of special concern among young
children and pregnant women. - Geophagia is the consumption of earth and clay.
Amylophagia is the consumption of starch and
paste, and pagophagia is the eating of ice. The
fourth category includes the consumption of ash,
chalk, antacids, paint chips, plaster, wax, and
other substances. - People appear to be driven to consume these
substances by nutritional deficiencies, but pica
is not necessarily correlated with poor
nutritional status. The nutritional hazards most
frequently associated with pica are lead
poisoning and iron deficiency anaemia .
11
HYPOGLYCEMIA
- Hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar) can occur either
after a fast (fasting hypoglycaemia) or several
hours after the consumption of a meal (reactive
hypoglycaemia). Many individuals have symptoms of
weakness, confusion, and irritability after
eating sugars or other carbohydrate foods. - True reactive hypoglycaemia is diagnosed when
symptoms of sweating, tremor, anxiety, and
irritability occur at the same time as the
documented low blood sugar level. Such a
diagnosis may indicate the early presence of a
disease such as diabetes.
12
HYPERACTIVITY
- Hyperactivity is a childhood problem often
discussed in relation to nutrition. This
condition is characterized by problems of
inattention, excessive motion, impulsivity,
learning disabilities, and related problems of
conduct. - Food additives, especially artificial dyes and
colours , can cause hyperactivity.
13
NUTRITION
- Nutrition science investigates the metabolic and
physiological responses of the body to diet. With
advances in the fields of molecular biology,
biochemistry, and genetics, the study of
nutrition is increasingly concerned with
metabolism and metabolic pathways the sequences
of biochemical steps through which substances in
living things change from one form to another.
14
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUTRITION AND BEHAVIOUR
- The relationship between nutrition and behavior
is two-fold. First, nutritional factors have a
significant effect on behavior and this is
particularly relevant for the prevention and
treatment of behavioral problems of dogs and
cats. Second, the nutritional status and health
of animals may be affected by their behavior
15
AUTISM
- The role of mercury, other vaccine-related
toxins, toxic metals, toxic chemicals found in
mothers milk, pharmaceutical drugs, vaccines and
other sources, can all contribute. Intestinal
dysbiosis and food allergies also play a
significant role in many cases. These children
can do extremely well on a nutritional balancing
program.
16
CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, AND ZINC -THE BIOCHEMICAL
SEDATIVES FOR HYPERKINESIS AND MANY LEARNING
DISABILITIES
- Calcium raises the threshold at which nerves
cells fire, thus reducing the irritability or
sensitivity of the nervous system. A person
whose tissue calcium level is low is prone to
nervous irritability. Zinc is another
anti-stress nutrient. Zinc deficiency is
associated with emotional instability. Magnesium
is another powerful sedative. Magnesium sulfate
is routinely given to patients during heart
attacks as a sedative medication.
17
OCD-OBESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER
- This is commonly associated with copper
imbalance, manganese toxicity and perhaps other
biochemical imbalances. - As these improve, often the symptoms of OCD also
improve a lot.
18
BIPOLAR DISORDER
- Individuals with bipolar or manic-depressive
disorder often have an underlying imbalance of
slow oxidation and often copper imbalance. In
addition, they often have a four highs pattern on
a hair test or others indicating extreme stress.
The combination of these two traits leads to the
common pattern of days of high energy followed by
a period of very low energy and depression. This
can be corrected in most cases with nutritional
balancing science in a relatively short time of
months, usually, and with relatively little
difficulty if one is willing to follow the
program carefully.
19
SCHIZOPHRENIA
- Copper imbalance, mercury toxicity, manganese
toxicity, cadmium toxicity and other imbalances
are associated with schizophrenias. Most respond
beautifully to balancing the body chemistry.
Results can be fast, but may take longer if a
person is far out of balance. - Copper and Schizophrenia. Joan, age 18, was a
patient in Scottsdale Camelback Hospital with a
diagnosis of schizophrenia. She responded poorly
to medication and psychotherapy. Tissue mineral
testing revealed a copper level of 40 mg, about
15 times normal. Joan was placed on a diet and
nutritional supplements to reduce tissue copper.
Copper imbalance is quite common but goes
undiagnosed because the tissue mineral test is
not often done.
20
SEIZURES AND EPILEPSY
- Nutritional balancing programs have helped many
people with epilepsy and seizures even when
medical tests have failed to detect an obvious
cause for the seizures, and even when drug
therapy has not worked at all.
21
OTHER TOXIC METALS AND MENTAL HEALTH
- Copper is involved in numerous emotional and
psychological disorders and random symptoms such
as anxiety, mind racing, mood swings,
irritability and others. This is because copper
is a very bioactive mineral, especially in
relation to the nervous system. It is associated
with stimulation of the biogenic amines,
epinephrine, nor epinephrine and dopamine. It is
also involved in serotonin, monoamine oxidase
(MAO) and other extremely powerful
neurotransmitter substances and chemicals that
influence nervous activity.
22
- Lead. Thousands of children in the United
States are affected by lead poisoning. Lead can
cause mental retardation and hyperactivity in
children, and violent behavior in adults. - Mercury.Mercury accumulates in the brain, where
it can cause severe behavior changes. Silver
amalgam fillings, fungicides and paints are
sources of mercury. - Aluminum. Hair levels of aluminum are
increasing rapidly in the American population.
Research links excess aluminum with Alzheimer's
disease and other dementias. Aluminum is
acquired by drinking soda and beer from aluminum
cans, and from anti-perspirants, anti-acids,
table salt, cosmetics, salted foods, tap water,
aluminum cookware and perhaps occupational
exposure. It can be removed from the body if
detected early enough. - Cadmium. The Journal of Learning Disabilities,
Vol. 18, 10, 1985, pp. 609-612 reported that
among 980 male U.S. Navy recruits entering basic
training, a significant correlation was found
between hair cadmium levels and behavior
problems. "The three subjects with the highest
cadmium level all displayed serious behavior
difficulties in recruit training".
23
OTHER NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES AND BEHAVIOUR
- B-complex vitamins are essential for proper
nervous system functioning. Many people report
more energy and less depression when they take
thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3) and
pyridoxine (B6). Pantothenic acid (B5) also helps
energy production. Two other members of the
B-complex family, choline and inositol, act as
natural tranquilizers. Many other nutrients can
affect behavior. L-Taurine and l-tryptophan have
a calming effect. L-phenylalanine and l-tyrosine
can enhance thyroid activity and improve energy
and mood. There are others as well.
24
HYPERGLYCEMIA AND OTHER DISORDERS
- Carbohydrate intolerance is a common nutritional
disorder that produces severe behavior changes.
Diets high in carbohydrates, and deficiencies of
manganese, chromium and other minerals are often
involved. Among the most common symptoms of
hypoglycemia are confusion, irritability, anxiety
and at times violence. It is quite simple to
identify carbohydrate intolerance and correct it
with diet and food supplements, yet this common
malady is often overlooked.
25
FOOD INTOLERANCE AND BEHAVIOR
- Any food can cause reactions that affect the
nervous system. One possible reason for these
reactions is that histamine, the chemical that is
released in allergic phenomena, can be released
in the brain causing alterations in brain
chemistry. - Brain allergies are often overlooked in the
search for reasons for anti-social behavior. One
cause of ADHD is a reaction to allergic foods or
chemical additives found in childrens foods.
Dr. Benjamin Feingold, MD pioneered the study of
food allergies on childrens behavior.
Depression can also be the result of food
allergies, or allergies to chemicals in food or
drinking water.
26
ANXIETY AND PANIC ATTACKS
- This is one of the easiest conditions to correct
using nutritional balancing science. Common
imbalances include low or high and biounavailable
calcium and magnesium in the body, low zinc, high
copper, high levels of toxic metals, and rarely
other imbalances.
27
- THANK YOU
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