Knowledge%20in%20Individuals%20%20Prof.%20Andrew%20Basden.%20km@basden.demon.co.uk%20with%20thanks%20to%20Prof.%20Elaine%20Ferneley - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Knowledge%20in%20Individuals%20%20Prof.%20Andrew%20Basden.%20km@basden.demon.co.uk%20with%20thanks%20to%20Prof.%20Elaine%20Ferneley
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Knowledge in Individuals Prof. Andrew Basden. km_at_basden.demon.co.uk with thanks to Prof. Elaine Ferneley – PowerPoint PPT presentation
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Title: Knowledge%20in%20Individuals%20%20Prof.%20Andrew%20Basden.%20km@basden.demon.co.uk%20with%20thanks%20to%20Prof.%20Elaine%20Ferneley
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Knowledge in Individuals Prof. Andrew
Basden.km_at_basden.demon.co.ukwith thanks to
Prof. Elaine Ferneley
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From tacit to articulate knowledge
- We know more than we can tell.
- Michael Polanyi, 1966
High
Low
Codifiability
Tacit
Articulated
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We know more than we can tell.
Knowledge is experience, everything else is just
information. -Albert Einstein
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Explicit Knowledge
- Formal and systematic
- easily communicated shared in product
specifications, scientific formula or as computer
programs - Management of explicit knowledge
- management of processes and information
- Are the activities to the right information or
knowledge dependent ?
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Tacit Knowledge Examples
- Highly personal
- hard to formalise
- difficult (but not impossible)to articulate
- often in the form of know how.
- Management of tacit knowledge is the management
of people - how do you extract and disseminate tacit
knowledge.
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Knowledge As An Attribute of Expertise
- An expert in a specialized area masters the
requisite knowledge - The unique performance of a knowledgeable expert
is clearly noticeable in decision-making quality - Experts are more selective in the information
they acquire they know what is important - Experts are beneficiaries of the knowledge that
comes from experience
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Expertise, Experience Understanding
- Experience rules of thumb What e.g. gardener
might have - Understanding general knowledgeWhat a biology
graduate might have - Expertise E U in harmonyWhat an expert has
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Definitions Data, Information, Knowledge,
Understanding and Wisdom
- The appreciation of why
- The difference between learning and memorising
- If you understand you can take existing knowledge
and creating new knowledge, build upon currently
held information and knowledge and develop new
information and knowledge - In computing terms AI systems possess
understanding in the sense that they are able to
infer new information and knowledge from
previously stored information and knowledge
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Definitions Data, Information, Knowledge,
Understanding and Wisdom
- Evaluated understanding
- Essence of philosophical probing
- Critically questions, particularly from a human
perspective of morals and ethics - discerning what is right or wrong, good or bad
- A mix of experience, values, contextual
information, insight - In computing terms may be unachievable can a
computer have a soul??
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Illustrations of the Different Types of Knowledge
Know that
Know how
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Types (Categorization) of Knowledge
- Shallow (readily recalled) and deep (acquired
through years of experience) - Explicit (already codified) and tacit (embedded
in the mind) - Procedural (repetitive, stepwise) versus
Episodical (grouped by episodes) - Knowledge exist in chunks
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ReasoningandThinkingandGenerating Knowledge
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Experts Reasoning Methods
- Reasoning by analogy relating one concept to
another - Formal reasoning using deductive or inductive
methods (see next slide) - Case-based reasoning reasoning from relevant
past cases
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Deductive and inductive reasoning
- Deductive reasoning exact reasoning. It deals
with exact facts and exact conclusions - Inductive reasoning reasoning from a set of
facts or individual cases to a general conclusion
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Learning
- Learning by experience a function of time and
talent - Learning by example more efficient than learning
by experience - Learning by sharing, education.
- Learning by discovery explore a problem area.
