Presented%20by%20:%20Dr.%20Sh%20.Taziki,%20Pharm%20D%20

1

• Presented by Dr. Sh .Taziki, Pharm D PhD of
  Toxicology

2
??????? ??? ?????????
Food contaminants

3
Introduction
4
Food contaminants??????? ??? ???? ?????

• ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ????
  ???? ???? ????? ??????.
• ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???
  ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ? ??
• ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????.
• ??? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????
  ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??
• 1- ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????????
  ???? ?? ????????? ????? (????? ????? ????? ??
  ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????????? ? ...)
• 2-??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????
  ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????
• ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???
  ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ? ??????? ?????
  ??
• 3- ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ????????????? ?
  ?????????????
• 4- ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????
  ??? ???? ????????? ?????
• 5- ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????????? ? ?????????
  ??????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????
  ????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???????
  ?????.

5
Toxicity assay??????? ???? ????

• Acute toxicity ???? ???
• ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????
  ?????? ? ?? ???? ?? ?? 50 ????? ??? ?????? ????
  ?? ??? ? ??? ????? ??? ??????.
• Subacute toxicity ???? ??? ???
• ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? 4 ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????
  ? ????? ?? ???? ??????? .???? ??????
• Chronic toxicity ???? ????
• ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? 6 ??? ?? 2 ??? ??
  ????? ???? ????? ? ????? ?? ??????????? ????
  ??????.

6
??????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????

• 1- ????? ?????
• 2- ???? ???? ?? ????????
• 3-???? ????
• 4- ??????? ???? ? ???? ??? ?????
• ??? ???????? ?? ????PCBs5-
• ??? ???? ???????????PAHs6-
• 7- ?????? ?? ? ??????? ????? ??
• 8- ????????????
• ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????(PCDD)9-
• ?? ?????????(PCDF)

7
???? ???? ??? ????

• Recommended registered pesticides
• Non recommended registered pesticide
• Banned suspended pesticides
• Other pesticides

8

• ??? ????? ? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???
  ??? ?? ???? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????
  ?? ??? ?????? ????.
• ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????
  ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ? ???????
  ?? ??????????????? ???? ??????? ?
  ???????????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ? ??????
  ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ????
  ???? ?????? ???? ????? ? ?????? ?? ????????? ?
  ???????????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???.
• ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????
  ??????? ? ????? ? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ?
  ?????? ??????? (?????? ? ????? ????? ??? ?
  ???????) ?? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ?? ???? ?????
  ???.
• ?????? ??? ? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ? ?????
  ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ? ?? ????
  ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??????
  ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???.
  ? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?
  ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????
  ???.

9

• ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????
  ???? ??? ?? ? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??
  ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????
  ????? ??,? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????
  ????? ???? ????? ? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????????
  ???? ? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ? ???? ?? ???
  ????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ???? ????? ? ?????
  ???? ??????.
• ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????
  ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??
  ???????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??
  ?/?? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????
  ???/? ?????? ???????. ?????? ????? ??? ??????
  ???? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?/??? ???? ?/??? ???
  ????? ?/??? ???? ????? ?/?? ????? ??.
• ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ???????
  ???? ????? ? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????????
  ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????
  ???.
• ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????
  ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????.
• ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????
  ????? ? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????
  ??? ????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????????
  ???? ? ????????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ???
  ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??????
  ????????.

10
MRL ( maximum residu levels)

• MRL???????? ?????????????????? ???? ???????
  ?????? ????? ??? ? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??
  ????.
• ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????????
  ?? ??? ???? ??????????? ????????? ????? ? ??????
  ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??
  ???.
• MRL ?????? mg/kg ?? ???? ppm???? ?? ???.

11
????? ??? ?????? ???MRL
???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 Alachlor ?????? 1
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 dieldrin ?? ?????? 2
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 Aldrin ?????? 3
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 Atrazine ??????? 4
12
???????? ???????? ?????????? ??

• ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????
  ??????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ????? ?????? . ???????
  ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ? ???????? ????? ????
  ? ?????????? ????? ??????.
• ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ???
  ?????
• ?? ???? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ???? ??? ???
  ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????????
  ??????? ???.
• ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??
  ????????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?? ? ?? ?? ????
  ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????.

13
Nitrate

• preservative and flavor enhancer in beef,
• pork, sausage, and salami.
• hinder the oxidation of lipids involved in food
  spoilage and as a color stabilization factor
• Inhancer

14
Nitrates

• In food industry, nitrate is added to
• meat in range of150200 µg/for inhibition of
  microorganisms growth and color stabilization
  (2).
• The role of sodium nitrate in the inhibition of
  Clostridium botulinum spore growth has become
  wellknown in the frozen meat industry due to
  frequent usag

15
Nitrates are Beneficial harmfull????

• Medical uses
• antihypertention
• cardivascular effects
• Antidote of cyanides

16

• 35????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??????
  ???.
• ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???????
  ??? ?????- ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????
  ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???- ???? ?? ????-
  ??????? ?.. ???? ???? ???? ??????.
• ????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????
  ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ?????
  ????????? ???? ??????.
• ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ? ?? ????
  ?? ???????? ? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????

17

• ????????????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????2
  mg/l ? ?? ????? ??????? 10 mg/l??? ?????? ???????
  ?? 30 mg/l ?? ????.
• ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????
  ??????? ???? ?? ??????.
• ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ??????????? ? ????
  ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ?? ???? ???
  ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????????? ?? ?? ?????
  ????????? ??? ? ?? ????? ???? IARC ?? ???? 2A
  ???? ???? .

18

• ???????? 10 ????? ???? ?????? ???????????????.
• ?????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ????? ?????
  ?????? ????????? ????- ????? ??????? ???
  ??? ???? ? ????? ????? ??? ???.
• ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????????
  ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????????
  ???????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ? DNA????
  ?????????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????.

19
????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????
??????????? ???????

• ?????????????
• blue baby syndrom (skin, lips, and nails gray).
• ????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????????? ??
  ???? ????????? ??????
• ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ?????????
  ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???????????
  ??????? ?? ???????? ? ???????? ????? .
• ??????????? ?????
• ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??????
  ????? ???????330 mg/kg ???.

20
(No Transcript)
21

• EPA ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????????
  ?? 45 mg/l ????? ????? ???.
• ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????
  ??? ???.
• ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????
  ????? 150 µg/ml ??????? ??? 500µg/ml???.
• ????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ??????
  ??? ??? ????? mg/l400-450 ?????? ???
• ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????mg/kg 0-7/3 ?
  ?????? 0-0/07???

22
?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????????

• ????????????
• ????? ????
• ????????????
• ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????
  ???????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ? ?????
  ???? ?? ??? ????? ???
• boiling water, carbon absorption filters,
• mechanical filters, softening water, and
• adding chlorine do not remove nitrate or
• nitrite from water

23
Effect of it in drinking water Ranges of nitrate (ppm)
Harmless for humans and animals more than 4 ppm indicator of source pollution and environmental problems 0-10 ppm
Harmless for adults and livestock 11-20ppm
Shouldn't be used as drinking water, but the short-term usage of it doesn't have a problems for adults if the food or nutrition source doesn't contain high levels of nitrate 21-40ppm
Is hazardous for adults and young cattle. If the food source contains low levels of nitrate, it is acceptable to use in young cattle 41-100ppm
Is harmful in every conditions, shouldn't be used 100 ppm
24
(No Transcript)
25
Nitrate, Nitrite, Nitrosamines
26
?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????

• 1-??? ????( ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????)
• 2-????????? ????? ( ?????)
• ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????
• 1- ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???
  ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? .
• 2- ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????
  ???? ? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????
  ??? ????? ????.

27
2- ???? ????

• 1-2 ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????
  ???- ?????????????
• ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??
  ???? ????? ? ??? ???? ?????? ? ?? ???? ???? ???
  ???? ??????.
• ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ( ???? ??? ???????
  ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????
• ????? ?? ?????) ?? ???? ??? ??? 4??30 ???
  ??????.
• ????????- ?? ??????- ????????- ????????
  ??????- ????????- 2-2 ??????????? ??
• 3-2 ?????????????????? ( ????) ????????
  (??????) ??????? - ????????

28
1- ??? ????

• ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???
  ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????.
• ??? ???? (Herbicides-Weed killer)???? ???????
  ?????????? ? ?? ????????????
• ??? ????????(Bipyridyls)? ??? ????? ??
  (Triazines) ? ???? ??? ?????? (Substituted ureas)
  ? ??????? ????????

29
3- ???? ????

• ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??
  ????? ??? ??????
• ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????
  ??
• ???? ??????? ????? ???? ? ???????????? ??????? ??
  ????? ?? ????????????? (Dialkyldithiocarbamates)
  ? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????
• ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?
  ??????? ???? ????? .
• ? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??
  ???? ?????.

30
??????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????

• ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????
  ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?
  ??? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?
• ??? ?? 1000 ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??
  PPA
• ????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????
  ?????? ???. ?????????????? ???????? ?????????
  ?????? .
• ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????
  ? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? .
• ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ? ??
  ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????GC HPLC
  , .

31
1- ????? ?????

• Mercury (????)
• Lead(???)
• Cadmium(???????)

32
Mercury ????

• ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ????
  ??????? ?? ??.
• ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? 50 ? 60 ??????
  ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????
  ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ? ???? ?? ????
  ??????? ???? ?????? ?????.
• ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????
  ???? ?? ???? ?????.
• ???? ?? ?? ??? ???( ???? ??????- ?? ???? ??????
  ???? ??????) ? ????? (????? ????) ?? ????? ????
  ????.
• ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???
  ?? ?? ?????.
• ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????????
  ??????????? ? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????.
• ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???
  ??? ????? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ?????.
• ??? ???? ???? 0.35 mg/week for 70kg body
  weight

33
(No Transcript)
34
Lead ???

• ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????
  ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????
• ????????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???
  ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????
  ?????.
• ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????
• 3.5mg/week
• ??? ?? ?? ? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????
  ?? ????.
• ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????- ?? ???? ????
  ???? ???? ?????? - ?????

35
Cadmium???????

• ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???
  ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????.
• ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????
  ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????.
• ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????.
• ??????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???.
• ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????
• Tolerance dose 0.5 mg/week

36
2- ???? ???????

• 1-2 ???? ?????????
• 2-2- ???? ????? (?????????????)

37
1-2- ???? ?????????

• 60 ??90 ???? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ??
  ???????? ??????.
• ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?????
  ?????? ? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????.
• ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????
  ????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????

38
??????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????
??????

• 1-?????????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ???
  ???? ????? ?????? ? ????????? ?... ?? ???? ??
  ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????
  ???? ??????.
• 2- ???????????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??
  ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???
  ???? ?? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??
  ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????.

39
???? ?????????

• ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ? ?????
  ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???
  ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? .
• ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???
  ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????
  ???? .
• ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????
  ????????????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???
  ?????? ?? ??? ??????.

40
????? ?????? ???????

• ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? 2 ???? ??3??? ??
• ???????????? ?? ??? ???? ???.
• 1- ???????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????
  ????? ???????? ?? ????????????
• 2- ?? ????? ???? - ???????????
• 3- ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ????????
  ???????? ????? - ????????????

41
????? ?????? ???????

• ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??
  ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????.
• ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????
  ?????? ? ??? ??? ???? ???.
• ????? ? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????
  ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ??? ????? ??
  ???????? ? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????.
• ???????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????
  ???? ? ?????? ?? ?????.

42
Organism Incubation Period Common Symptoms Mechanism Common Foods
Bacillus cereus 1-6 h (emesis) 8-16 h(diarrhea) Vgt D. Toxins produced in food and gut. Reheated fried rice.
Campylobacter jejuni 1-8 d D, F. Invasive and possibly toxin produced in gut. Water milk direct contact (eg, food handlers).
Clostridium perfringens 6-16 h D gt V. Toxin produced in food and gut. Meats.
Escherichia coli "enterotoxigenic" 12-72 h D gt V. Toxin produced in gut. "Traveler's diarrhea. Water, various foods direct contact (eg, food handlers).
Salmonella spp. 12-36 h D. Invasive infection. Meat dairy water sprouts direct contact (eg, food handlers).
V vomiting D diarrhea D diarrhea with
blood and/or fecal leukocytes F fever S
systemic manifestations
43

• ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????????
  ?????? ???? ??? .
• ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??
  ???????? ????? ??? ? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????
  ???? ?????.
• ????????
• 1- ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????????????
• 2- ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ?????
• 3- ????? ????? ????? ( ??????? ?????? ?????????
  ?? ?? ?????)
• 4- ????????? ?????? ???? ???????????- ?????-
  ????????

44
????????

• ???????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ??????
  ??????????? ????????? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ?????
  ??? ?????? 7??? ?????????? ????? ??????
• A,B,C,D,E,F,G
• ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???
  ????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????
  ???????????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?
  ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????.
• ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????.

45
????????

• ?????????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??
  ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ??
  ??????? ??
• ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????.
• ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ?
• ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????.PH

46
????????

• ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ? ?? ????
  0.05 ???????? ????? ??? .
• ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????
  ??? ????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????
  ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????.
• ????? ????????? 12-36 ???? ??????? ?????. ???
  ???? ??? 8?????? ????? ???? ???.
• ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????
  ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???
  ????? ????? ? ???

47
????????

• ????? ???????? ???????? ??????????
  ????????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ????
  ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????.
• ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ??
  ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???.
  ?????? ?? 4??6 ???? ????? ??? ?????.
• ???????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????
  ????? . ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?
  ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????.

48
????????

• ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????
  ???????? ?? ?????. ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???
  ??? ???? ? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?
  ??????? ???? ??? ???.
• ???? ??? ???? ????? 1??3???? ?? ??? ??????.

49
????????

• ???????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????
• ????? ?? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ?????????????
  ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???
  ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
  ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????
  ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????
  ????????? ?????? ?????
• ?? ?????.
• ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????
  ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????
  

50
????????

• ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???
• ????? ??????? ???? ?????? 24 ???? ???? ???? ????
  ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????.
• ???? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????
  ????????????? ? ????? ???? ???? ? ?????

51
?????

• ???????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??????
• ???????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????
  ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ( ??? ?????)
• ??????? ?? ?????? -????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??
  ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???. ???? ??? ???
  ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ??????
  ??? ???? ???? ?????.

52
molds
53
???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????
??

• The most common molds are
• Cladosporium
• Penicillium
• Aspergillus
• Alternaria
• Fusarium
• Trichoderma
• Stachybotrys

54
??????

• ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????
  ?????? ????? - ????? ????
• 1- ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????
  ???? ??? ????????? ? ??????? ????? ???? ?????
  ??????????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?
  ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ? ????? ??????
  ????? ????- ??- ??????? ????? ?????.
• 2- ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??
  ????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??
  ???? ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????.?????
  ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?..

55
???? ??

• ????????? ???????? ???? ??????
• ????????????? ? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???
  ????? ????? ????? .
• ??????????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????
  ???? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? .
• ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????
  ??????????????? ?????.
• Voc
• ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???
  ?????? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ????
  ?????? ????? ??????.
• ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????

56
2-2- ?????????????

• ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ?????
  ???????? ?????? ?????.
• ???? 300 ??????????? ?100000 ??? ???? ?????
  ??????? ??? ???.
• 30 ??? ?? ??? ????????????? ??? ???? ?? ?????
  ??????? ?????.
• ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?
  ??????? ????? .
• ????? ??? - ????? ? ?????? ???? ??????? ???
  ?????? ???? ??? .
• ?? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????????
  ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????
  ???????? ????? ????.

57
mycotoxins

• Name LD50 toxicity
• Aflatoxins 7.2mg/kg liver cancer
• Patulin 35 mg/kg cellular poison
• Ochratoxin A 20 mg/kg liver and kidney
• Zearalenone 0.1mg/kg infertility

58
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59
1- ???????????? ?????

• ????? ???? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ????? .
• ??? ??????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??
  ????? ??
• ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????.
• ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ? ?? ?? ??
  ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???
  ??????.
• ???????????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ??
  ?????
• ?????? ? ???? ? ?????? ????? ???.

60
2- ?????????? ??

• ???? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????????
  ???? .
• ?????????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????
• B - G M
• ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????????????? ?? ??? ??? ???
  ???? ??????.
• ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???B??? ????????
  ?????????? M

61

• ??? ???? ? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??
• ??????. B1 ????????? ???? ??? ??? ??????????
• ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????
  ? ???? ???? ?????.
• ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ? ????? ??? ?? ????
  ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ????
  ??????? ???.DNA ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????
  ?? ???? ??
• 5ppb ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????

62
(No Transcript)
63
(No Transcript)
64
(No Transcript)
65
(No Transcript)
66
B1??????????

• ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ?????
• ????? ?????- ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????.
• ?? ??????? ??????? ???. 5PPb?? ???
• ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???
  ?????.
• )DNA(?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????
• ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ??
  ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????.
• 4000ppb?? ??? ??? ??
• .

67
(No Transcript)
68
(No Transcript)
69
(No Transcript)
70
(No Transcript)
71
(No Transcript)
72
(No Transcript)
73
(No Transcript)
74
Zeralenone

• ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????
• F.Graminearium F. sporotrichiode
• ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???????? ? ???? ?????
  
• ??? ?????.
• ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??
  0.1 ppm
• ??? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ? ?? ??? 50-100
  ??? ???? ?????? ?????. ?????? ?? ???
• ??? ?????? ???? ? ????? ????? ?????.ppm0.1

75
zeralenone

• ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????
  ????????? ???? ????? .
• ????? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ????????? ????? 17-
  ??? ????????? ??? .
• ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??
  ??? ??? ??? ?????? ? ??? ?? ???? ???.

76
Fumonisin

• F.moniliforme??? ??????
  ???? ????
• ????? ?????. ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????
  ??? ?
• ????? ??? ?????.
• ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ????
  ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???.

77
(No Transcript)
78
(No Transcript)
79
(No Transcript)
80
??????? ???? ? ???? ??

• ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????
  ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????
  ?????.
• ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ? ?? ???????????
  ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? .
• ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??
  ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????
• ?????? ????? .
• ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???????
  ??? ??????? ???? ????
• 1- ???? ???? ???? ??? ? ???? ???? ???? ?????
  ???? ???
• 2- ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????
  ??? ? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????
• 3- ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? .
  ? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ? ??? ???? ????
  ????? ???.

81
(No Transcript)
82
.......

• Antibiotics
• Glucocorticoids
• Sex hormones
• Psychosomatic agents
• Other compounds

83
1- ???? ????????

• ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????
  ?????.
• ????? ???????????? ????????? ??
  ??????????????? ?????????? ? ????????
• ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????
  ?????? (??????????)
• ???? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??
  ? ????? ????? ???? ?????? .
• ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??????.
• ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????
  ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????.

84
2- ????????? ????

• ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ? ????? ???????????
  ??????? ?????.
• ????????? - ????????? -.....
• ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?????
  ????? ????? ??????? ? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ?????
  ??????.

85
3- ??????? ???????

• ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????
  ??????. .
• ???? ?? ?????????????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ????
  ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????????? ? ?? ??? ????? ????
  ?????.

86
4- ????????? ???????

• ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????
  ????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????.
• ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ? ????
  ?????? ??????.
• ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????????

87
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

• ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??????
  ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? .
• ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??????
  ???? ??????.
• ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ? ?? ??????? ?????
  ??? ??? ???? ?.. ???? ??????.
• ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ?????
  ???? ??? ????? ??????.
• ??? ??????? ?? ??? 1950 ???? ????? ???? . ?? ???
  ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????
  ???????? ? .... ??????? ?????. ??? ???????? ??
  ???? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???????
  ????? ??????.

88
PolychlorinatedDibenzodioxins (PCDD)and
Dibenzofurans (PCDF)dioxins

• ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????
  ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? .
• ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ? ????? ?????????
  ????? .
• ???? ?????? ??????? 8 ??? ??? .
• ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????.

89
(No Transcript)
90
TCDD??????? ??

• ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???
• ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? .
• 95 ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?
  ???? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????
• ?????.
• ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????
  ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? .
• ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???- ???? ???
  ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????.

91
(No Transcript)
92
(No Transcript)
93
(No Transcript)
94
?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????

• 1- ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?????????
  ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ????
  ??? .
• 2- ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????
  ????
• ????.
• 3- ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???
  ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?????.

95
6- ??????? ??? ??????

• Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs),
• ??????? ?? ? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???????
  ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?
  ... ?????? .
• ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ? ????????? ?????.
  

96
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

• ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? .???
  ????? ??????? ???.
• ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????.
• 1- ????????
• 2- ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? ????
  ???? ? ?????? ??
• ??????? ?????
• 3- ???? ???? ?????????
• 1 ppb ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????

97
(No Transcript)
98
(No Transcript)
99
Furan

• ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????.
• ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????
  ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????
• ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????????
  ????? ??????? ??????????- ???????- ?????? ???.
• ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??????
  ???????- ?????? ? ?????????? ?????? ? ????????
  ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???.????? ??
  ???? ?????? ?????? ? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?????
  ???? ?????.
• ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????
  ?? ????? ???? ??????
• ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???
  ????? ?????.
• ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? - ????
  ??????? ???????? ? ??????
• ???????????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? .

100

• ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ? ???? ??? ?? ???.
  ?? ??? ???? ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????.
  ??????? ??? ?????? cyp2E1 ????? ????????? ?????.
• ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????
  ????????? ??? ? ?????????????? ????????? ??????
  ????????????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???.
• IARC) ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????
  ???? ???? ???.
• ????? ?????? ????? ?? GC-MS ???? ??????? ??? .

101
(No Transcript)
102
Acrylamide

• ?? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????
  ?????????
• ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????
  ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ? ????????
  ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????
  ?? ?????.
• ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ? ??? ??
  ????????.
• ?????????? ?? ???? ???????? ? ??????? ?? ??????
  ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? 120 ????
  ????????? (??? ??? )????? ????? ????? ???? ?????
  ????? ? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ????
  ?? ?????????? ????????? ????????.
• ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????
  ????? ??????????????????.
• ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????????
  ?????????.

103
Acrylamide

• ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???????
  ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????
  ????? ?? ????????? ????.?????? ????? ????? ????
  ???? ?? DNA????.
• ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????
  ??????? ???? ???.
• ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????
  ?? ??? ?????? ??? 1 ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ??
  ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???.
• ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ? ????????
  ?? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????
  ????? ? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ? ????????
  ?????.
• ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??
  ????? ?????????? ? ????????? ??? .
• .

104

• 0.1 µg/l.????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ????
  ??
• ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????
  ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ( ??? ????? cyp450)
• ????? ADI??? ????? 0.001mg/kg/day??? ? ?????
  NOALE 0.5mg/kg/day ???.

105
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106
(No Transcript)
107
(No Transcript)
108
FISH AND SHELLFISH

• ???? ? ??? ??? ?????

109
FISH AND SHELLFISH

• A. Ciguatera
• ????? ?????.dinoflagellates ??? ?? ????
• ???? ?????)reef fish (?? ????
• ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????
  ????????? ???? ?????????? ???? ? ????? ?????????
  
• ????????? ?????.
• B. Diarrhetic shellfish
• ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????
• ???????????dinoflagellates ?? ????? ???? ??????
  ????

110
FISH AND SHELLFISH

• ??? ???????? ????
• okadaic acid, dinophysis toxins, azaspir acid.
• C. Domoic acid
• ??? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ????? ????? ?? ??
  ???? ?? ?????? ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????.
• ??????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?
  ????????????? ????? ?????.

111
FISH AND SHELLFISH

• D. Neurotoxic shellfish
• brevetoxins ??? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????
• "red tide" dinoflagellates ????? ??? ????
• ?? ?????.
• ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???
  ?? ????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ???? ?????.

112

• E. Palytoxin
• ????? ?????.dinoflagellates??? ?? ????
• ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????
  ?????.
• ????? ????????? ?????. ???????? ??? ?????? ????
  ????? ????- ??? ? ?????? ????? ?? ???????????????
  ??? ???.

113

• F. Paralytic shellfish. Dinoflagellates ("red
  tide") saxitoxin
• ????? ?????? . ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????
  ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????.

114

• G. Scombroid. Scombrotoxin
• ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ???
  ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????.

115

• H. Tetrodotoxin )found in puffer fish, California
  newts, and some South American frogs(
• ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????
  ????? ??????? ???? ?????.

116

• A. Ciguatera. The toxin is produced by
  dinoflagellates, which are then consumed by reef
  fish. The mechanism of intoxication is uncertain,
  but may involve increased sodium permeability in
  sodium channels and stimulation of central or
  ganglionic cholinergic receptors.
• B. Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning is caused by
  several identified toxins, all of which appear to
  be produced by marine dinoflagellates. Suspected
  toxins include okadaic acid, dinophysistoxins,
  and azaspiracid.
• C. Domoic acid is produced by phytoplanktons,
  which are concentrated by filterfeeding fish and
  shellfish. The toxin is thought to bind to
  glutamate receptors, causing neuroexcitatory
  responses.
• D. Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning is caused by
  ingestion of brevetoxins, whichare produced by
  "red tide" dinoflagellates. The mechanism appears
  to involve stimulation of sodium channels,
  resulting in depolarization of nerve fibers.
• E. Palytoxin is produced by dinoflagellates. It
  alters Na and K flux across cell membranes,
  causing depolarization and contraction of smooth,
  skeletal, and cardiac muscles. It is also a
  potent vasoconstrictor.
• F. Paralytic shellfish. Dinoflagellates ("red
  tide") produce saxitoxin, which isconcentrated
  by filter-feeding clams and mussels. Saxitoxin
  blocks sodium conductance and neuronal
  transmission in skeletal muscles.
• G. Scombroid. Scombrotoxin is a mixture of
  histamine and other histamine-likecompounds
  produced when histidine in fish tissue
  decomposes.
• H. Tetrodotoxin, found in puffer fish, California
  newts, and some South American frogs, blocks the
  voltage-dependent sodium channel in nerve cell
  membranes.