Clonorchis sinensis

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Clonorchis sinensis
and Culture
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History

• Homo sapiens have always been infected
• Ancient corpse buried in 278 B.C., West Han
  Dynasty in China
• September 8, 1874, James McConnell, Calcutta,
  India
• Named Distoma sinens
• Arthur Looss renamed Clonorchis sinensis 1895
• 1914 Harujiro Kobayashi
• 1918 Masatomo Muto

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Ancient Culture

• Paleoparasitology, coprolites contain eggs,
  larvae, and DNA
• Clonorchis sinensis prevalent over 2300 years in
  Korea,China, and Japan
• Ming Dynasty corpse 1513 A.D., West Han Dynasty
  278 B.C.
• Taegu-city, South Korea soil samples from 668-935
  A.D.
• Fujiwara Palace in Japan, excavated ancient
  toilets 700 A.D.
• Increased Prevalence
• Appearance of toilets lead to recycling of feces
  as fertilizer
• Clonorchis sinensis increased in Japan, Buddhism
  introduced in 6th century

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Fujiwara Palace
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Cultural Prevention

• Chinese immigrants brought C. sinensis to
  California in early 1900s
• U.S. placed restrictions on immigration from Asia
  until 1937
• 1969-1995 Korea Association for Parasite
  Eradication
• 1984 mass treatment program undertaken in South
  Korea
• 1995 Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
  (HACCP)
• In China slaughter reservoir hosts (dogs and
  cats)
• Praziquantel (1978) Albendazole (1987)

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Cultural Promotion

• Build latrines on fishponds and in ditches
• Wastewater is produced in large quantities due to
  rapid urbanization
• Fish farming is developing rapidly
• Fish exported to the Netherlands, Canada,
  Australia, and U.S.
• Traditional habits of eating raw fish

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Fishpond Fertilizer
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Cyprinus carpio, Carp
Preparation of suhsi
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Incidence

• Survey in 1975, New York Chinatown C. sinensis
  most common parasite
• Kwangtung Province of South China 27
• Red River Delta in Vietnam 50 incidence rate
• South Central Taiwan 34 incidence rate
• Incidence in Hawaii
• Worldwide 20 million people are infected

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Interested In More

• www.stanford.edu
• www.cdc.gov
• www.pubmedcentral.gov