Intro%20to%20Organic%20Chemistry

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Intro to Organic Chemistry

• Pretty much most fun youll ever have

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Whats Different about Chem II?

• Notes are important!
• Lots of practice, groups, board work
• less busy work
• longer labs, more dangerous
• subject is relevant to everyday life
• no math
• lots of stories-yours mine

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Classification thing

• Classify each of the following broad groups into
  2 sub-groups
• Students in this class
• BJHS Teachers

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In the olden days (early 1800s)

• Everything in the world was classified into 2
  groups
• What do you think they were called?

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• Yep!
• Living and Nonliving
• Now called Organic and Inorganic
• Organic originally referred to
• part of something living or dead
• or
• a substance produced by something living or dead
• A new def is coming later

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• Everything classified as organic had a special
  quality scientists called
• The Vital Force
• Def a special (mythical) characteristic of all
  organic things
• Ex Baywatch story

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• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vlqNXE07fKuw

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• Big problem back then there was no way to create
  vital force compounds in the lab!
• BUT, in the early 1800s, 2 events changed
  chemistry forever. . . . . . . . .

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The 1st one

• 1. 1828-German chemist named Friedrich Wohler
  accidentally produced urea in the lab.
• Dont write this Wohler, Friedrich (1800-1882),
  a German chemist. He was the first to create an
  organic substance from inorganic chemicals in
  1828 he heated ammonium cyanate, an inorganic
  compound, and created urea, a compound found in
  animal urine. Thus he disproved the belief that
  organic substances could be formed only in living
  things. Wohler experimented with almost every
  chemical element known in his day. He isolated
  the elements aluminum and beryllium, and
  discovered calcium carbide.
• He looks so happy
• Note-Urea is a constituent of urine, but the 2
  are not the same

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• What did Wohler do?
• NH4Cl AgNCO --gt NH4NCO --gtNH2CONH2 AgCl
• Whats weird about this equation?
• Joke 1
• http//chemistry.about.com/od/moleculescompounds/i
  g/Molecules-with-Strange-Names/
• Lord of the Carbon Rings
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vBDXJThYw4_4
• When Wohler presented his findings people laughed
  at him-he died sad, ugly, and alone

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Amazing info on urea

• When proteins are metabolized, N (nitrogen)
  compds are produced
• But N compds cant be stored in the body
• They must be excreted in a nontoxic HOH-soluble
  form
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vaBVKaTotKBk
• NH3 is one possibility, its soluble, but its
  also toxic to humans. (not toxic to snakes
  birds)
• So, we excrete N compds as urea-its both soluble
  and nontoxic )
• Fun urine stories
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v4U_xmfSwYSwfeature
  PlayListp7CBCB29FD596FD12index5
• Fish not supposed to go there. . .
  http//www.youtube.com/watch?voDu1E4EndJw

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• The 2nd One (one what?)
• 1845-Herman Kolbe synthesized trichloroacetic
  acid (an organic thing) from inorganic
  substances-again creating the a vital force
  compound!
• Structure?
• Uses?

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• Eventually, chemists made lots of vital force
  compounds-today there are millions
• Heres an ex of something created in the lab
  thats not even found in nature!
• CH4 Cl2 ? CHCl3 CCl4
• methane chlorine ? chloroform carbon
  tetrachloride
• The products (things after the arrows) arent
  found in nature-thats significant b/c things
  like this had never been made!
• There are even patents on some life forms-ex
  oil-eating bacteria

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Lets talk about methane

• Methane-CH4 also called swamp/marsh gas
• Also on other planets
• http//videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/31001-me
  thane-discovery-on-distant-planet-video.htm 2 min
• methane stories, gas detector, church, etc.
• apples give off methane, thats why theyre not
  stored with nanners at Kroger-they would ripen
  too fast
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vOh-1wOSTiP0 2 min

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• The methane molecule has a pyramid or tetrahedral
  shape
• Electrons (and Hs) get as far away as possible
  from each other

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Methane the Bermuda Triangle

• Methane Gas HydratesThis theory appears to hold
  promise for at least some of the disappearances
  in the Bermuda Triangle. Scientists at Cardiff
  University have discovered the presence of large
  concentrations of methane gas trapped in the
  ocean floor. This gas is due to dying and
  decomposing sea organisms. The sediment contains
  bacteria that produce methane, which accumulates
  as super concentrated methane ice, called gas
  hydrates. The layer of ice traps the methane gas,
  and scientists are studying it as a potential
  energy source.
• Image courtesy Office of Naval Research
• Within seconds of a methane gas pocket
  rupturing, the gas surges up and erupts on the
  surface without warning. If a ship is in the area
  of the blowout, the water beneath it would
  suddenly become much less dense. The vessel could
  sink and sediment could quickly cover it as it
  settles onto the sea floor. Even planes flying
  overhead could catch fire during such a blowout.
  Although he doesn't agree with the methane
  hydrate theory as an explanation for the Bermuda
  Triangle, Bill Dillon, a research geologist with
  the United States Geological Survey said that,
  "On several occasions, oil drilling rigs have
  sunk as the result of methane gas escape."
• Simulation http//www.youtube.com/watch?vDkIIMEVn
  NDgfeaturePlayListp4BBEE997F92D7079playnext1
  playnext_fromPLindex7 3 min

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Cows and methane

• Cows excrete methane
• methane depletes the ozone layer
• So, are cows are bad? maybe
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vzbKRSYAuSNg 4 min
• Our govt comes to the rescue! The Ruminant
  Livestock Methane Program is formed-consuming
  millions of taxpayer dollars in the study of
  reducing bovine methane emissions
• http//videos.howstuffworks.com/planet-green/33432
  -stuff-happens-wheres-the-beef-video.htm 4 min

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New Def of Organic

• Obviously, the old def of organic needed to be
  changed
• New def organic things contain Carbon
• BUT. . . . .
• not all carbon compds are organic
• ex CO (carbon monoxide)
• CO2 (carbon dioxide)
• CO3s (carbonates)
• CNs (cyanides)

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Forms of Carbon

• Diamond-has a bunch of Cs bonded together with
  very strong and tight bonds
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v_0UOB50Otok
• Graphite-has strong planar bonds, but weaker
  inside bonds-molecules slide easily

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• Q are there more organic compounds or inorganic
  compounds in the world?
• A Organic!
• Q why?
• A Reason 1-the C atom is very versatile!
• Lets look at it

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The Carbon Atom

• Atomic 6
• electrons 6
• neutrons 6
• 666and all life is based on carbon
• C has 4 valence electrons-what does this mean?
• electron configuration of carbon

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Carbon contd

• C would like to gain or lose 4 e-s, but thats
  unlikely
• Looking at the EN (?) of C, its kind of in the
  middle-has no strong desire to give up or gain
  e-s
• If C stayed like this, it wouldnt bond
  w/anything
• So, it decides to hybridize!

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Orbital Hybridization of C (this happens in
methane)

• Instead of the normal 1s2 2s2 2p2 configuration,
  Carbon hybridizes into 4 sp3 orbitals
• draw these w/arrows
• each sp3 orbital contains 1 electron, and its
  easy for H atoms to bond w/these single e-s
• Remember this?
• Balloons demo-to show orbital hybridization in
  methane ?
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vDrGRTtdJgoo

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Bond s in Organic Compds

• 8 is the happy number, but 2 is also OK
• CHONPS halogens
• dont forget your diatomics!
• Draw these
• NH3 CH2O C3H8
• H2O HCl HCN
• Lets build them ?

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Organic Families

• Alkanes
• Alkyl halides
• Alkynes
• Alkenes
• Alcohols
• Aromatics
• Aldehydes
• Ketones
• Ethers
• Esters
• Carboxylic acids
• Amines
• Amides

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• Organic families song-cheesy 3 min
  http//www.youtube.com/watch?vmAjrnZ-znkYfeature
  related
• Bonding video 3 min http//www.youtube.com/watch?v
  oNBzyM6TcK8featurerelated

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Diffs Bet Orgs and Inorgs

• Elements present
• mpt/freezg pt
• boiling pt
• solublity in HOH
• solubility in organic solvents
• flammability
• bond type
• electrical conductivity
• rxn rate
• side rxns
• product yield
• structure
• ions/molecules in solution

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Isomerism

• Fun with Tinker Toys
• Draw C2H6O
• names properties
• Def Isomers
• The existence of isomers is one reason for the
  large of organic compds
• What was the other reason? Be able to list both.

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Draw these molecules one way

• C3H6O C5H12 C3H3Br3O
• C2H2 CH3PO C3H6O2
• C3H4 C2H6O C4H7N2
• C4H4 C3H2O4 C2H5NO
• C3Cl4 C3H5O2 C2H4O2
• C3H4O5 C3H6O3
• C13H10O5N2Cl2

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The end

• ?