Earth and Environmental Science

1
Earth and Environmental Science The Nature of
Science Chapter 1
How do we use science to study the Earth? What
tools do we use? How do we share our
findings? What are the major fields of Earth
Science?
2
Inference

• Read the following story and then indicate your
  response to each of the statements printed below
  the story.
• A business man had just turned off the lights in
  the store when a man appeared and demanded money.
  The owner opened the cash register. The contents
  of the cash register were scooped up and the man
  sped away. A member of the police force was
  notified promptly.
• Indicate your response to each of the following
  statements, by checking "True" if you believe it
  to be true, "False" if you believe it to be
  false, and "???" if you cannot determine whether
  it is true or false.
• True False ???
• _____ A man appeared after the owner had turned
  off the store lights.
• _____ A man received cash.
• _____ The robber was a man.
• _____ The man who opened the cash register was
  the owner.
• _____ The store owner scooped up the contents of
  the cash register.
• _____ Someone opened a cash register.
• _____ The cash register was empty when the owner
  opened it.
• _____ After the man scooped up the contents of
  the cash register, he ran away.

Inference handout
3

• Directions
• To unlock the secrets of Science, ALL that is
  needed is curiosity, a well-ordered or logical
  mind, patience, ABILITY TO FOLLOW DIRECTIONS, a
  respect for safety while dealing with equipment
  and chemicals, and (last, but not least) a
  knowledge of elementary mathematics.
• FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS EXERCISE
• The answer to each question is yes. If you
  cannot answer yes, go back and redo the previous
  step or steps.
• Obtain a square sheet of paper.
• Fold the paper diagonally.
• Position the triangle on the desk with the long
  side facing you.
• From left t o right, 1abe1 the corners A, B, C.
• Fold point C along edge AB, so that the top edge
  of the fold is parallel to the base of the
  original triangle. Do you see three triangles?
• From left to right, label the corners of the
  triangle you just made D, E, F.
• Fold A to point F. Do you see four triangles?
  If not, Go back two steps.
• Fold a single layer of side B down in front as
  far as it will go.
• Turn facedown the side with E showing.
• Fold the flap, which is now showing, as far down
  as it w ill go.
• Fill the CUP with water. Is it watertight? If
  it leaks, get a new piece of paper and go back to
  step 1.

4
Essential Questions / Objectives

• What are the four major branches of Earth science?

• Contrast the four systems of Earth.
• Discuss how Earth science affects your daily life.

Vocabulary

• astronomy
• meteorology
• geology
• oceanography
• lithosphere

• asthenosphere
• hydrosphere
• atmosphere
• biosphere

Scope of Earth Science Handout
5
The Scope of Earth Science

• The field of Earth Science can be broken into
  four major areas of specialization astronomy,
  meteorology, geology, and oceanography.

Astronomy

• Astronomy is the study of objects beyond Earths
  atmosphere.

• Astronomers study the universe and everything in
  it, including Earth, its neighbors, and other
  bodies in the universe.

How does our position in the solar system
influence life on Earth?
6
The Scope of Earth Science
Meteorology

• Meteorology is the branch of Earth science that
  studies the air that surrounds our planet.

• Meteorologists study the forces and processes
  that cause the atmosphere to change to produce
  weather.
• They also try to predict the weather and how
  changes in weather might affect Earths climate.

An introduction to weather and climate
7
The Scope of Earth Science
Geology

• Geology is the study of the materials that make
  up Earth and the processes that form and change
  these materials.

• Geologists identify rocks, study glacial
  movements, interpret clues to Earths 4.6
  billion-year history, and determine how forces
  change our planet, among many other things.

Why Study Geology? The Dynamic Earth
8
The Scope of Earth Science
Oceanography

• Oceanography is the study of Earths oceans,
  which cover nearly three-fourths of the planet.

• Oceanographers study the creatures that inhabit
  salty water, measure different physical and
  chemical properties of the oceans, and observe
  various processes in these bodies of water. Why
  study the oceans?

9
The Scope of Earth Science
Table 1-1 Some Subspecialties of Earth Science
10
The Scope of Earth Science
Table 1-1 Some Subspecialties of Earth Science
11
Where do the following subspecialties fit in the
four major branches of Earth Science?
Ecology
Tectonic
Paleontology
Cosmology
Geochemistry
Hydrology
Climatology
12
Where do the following subspecialties fit in the
four major branches of Earth Science?
Earth Science
Major branches in Earth Science
Astronomy
Meteorology
Geology
Oceanography
Subspecialties
Ecology
Tectonic
Paleontology
Cosmology
Geochemistry
Hydrology
Climatology
13
Where do the following subspecialties fit in the
four major branches of Earth Science?
Concept Map
Earth Science
Major branches in Earth Science
Astronomy
Meteorology
Geology
Oceanography
space
atmosphere
Earth
oceans
Subspecialties
Hydrology
Paleontology
Climatology
Cosmology
Tectonics
Geochemistry
Ecology
14
Earths Systems

• Scientists who study Earth have identified four
  main Earth systems the lithosphere, the
  hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere.

The Lithosphere

• Earths lithosphere is the rigid outer shell of
  the planet and includes the crust and the solid,
  uppermost part of the layer below the crust, the
  mantle.

• There are two kinds of crust continental crust,
  made mostly of granite, and oceanic crust which
  is primarily basalt.

Earth Systems handout
15
Earths Systems
The Lithosphere

• Some of Earths upper mantle behaves like a rigid
  solid while other parts of this layer are
  partially molten and flow like a soft plastic.

• This partially molten layer of the mantle is the
  asthenosphere.

• Beneath Earths mantle is the core, which can be
  divided into two parts an outer, liquid part and
  a solid, inner part.
• Earths core and asthenosphere are not parts of
  the lithosphere but they do interact with it.

16
Earths Systems
The Hydrosphere

• The hydrosphere consists of the water in Earths
  oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and glaciers, as
  well as the water in the atmosphere.

• About 97 percent of Earths water exists as salt
  water the remaining 3 percent is freshwater
  contained in glaciers, in lakes and rivers, and
  beneath Earths surface as groundwater.

17
Earths Systems
The Atmosphere

• The atmosphere is the blanket of gases that
  surrounds our planet.

• Earths atmosphere is necessary for respiration
  by most living things, protects Earths
  inhabitants from harmful radiation from the Sun,
  and helps to keep the planet at a temperature
  suitable for life.

18
Earths Systems
The Biosphere

• The biosphere includes all organisms on Earth as
  well as the environments in which they live.

• With some exceptions, most organisms exist within
  a few meters of Earths surface.

19
Earth Science in Your Everyday Life

• You and the billions of other life-forms that
  live on Earth are part of the biosphere.

Technology
Remote Sensing

• The study of science, including Earth science,
  has led to the discovery of many things that you
  use every day.
• This application of scientific discoveries is
  called technology.
• Technology is transferable, which means that it
  can be applied to new situations.

20
White Board Section Assessment
Earth Science

• 1. Match the following terms with their
  definitions.
• ___ geology
• ___ oceanography
• ___ meteorology
• ___ astronomy

C D B A
A. the study of objects beyond Earths
atmosphere B. the study of the air that surrounds
Earth C. the study of the materials that make up
Earth and the processes that form and change
these materials D. the study of Earths oceans
21
Section Assessment
Earth Science

• 2. Which subspecialties of Earth science would
  apply to the following subjects?

Tectonics Paleontology Hydrology Ecology Climatolo
gy
_____________ Earthquakes along the San Andreas
fault _____________ Effects of climatic change
on dinosaurs _____________ Water flow into the
Ogallala aquifer _____________ The effects of
logging on the Spotted Owl _____________ Long
term weather patterns in New England
22
Section Assessment
Earth Science

• 3. Identify whether the following statements are
  true or false.

______ The asthenosphere is part of the
lithosphere. ______ You are part of the
biosphere. ______ Less than 5 of Earths water
is fresh water. ______ The Earths biosphere,
lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere are
independent systems.
false true true false
23
Essential Questions / Objectives

• What are the steps used in a scientific method.

• Compare and contrast experimental variables and
  controls.
• Identify basic SI units.
• Explain how to write numbers using scientific
  notation.

Vocabulary

• hypothesis
• independent variable
• dependent variable

• control
• Le Système International dUnités (SI)
• scientific notation

24
The Nature of Scientific Investigations
Experimentation

• Once the problem is defined and research is
  complete, a hypothesis, or suggested explanation
  for an observation, is made.

• A hypothesis is tested by conducting an
  experiment, which is an organized procedure that
  involves making measurements and observations.
• A good scientific experiment tests only one
  variable, or changeable factor, at a time.

• The independent variable (manipulated) in an
  experiment is the factor that is manipulated by
  the experimenter.

• A dependent variable (responding) is a factor
  that can change if the independent variable is
  changed.

• A control is used to show that the results of an
  experiment are a result of the condition being
  tested.

25
The Nature of Scientific Investigations
26
Scientific Method
Designing an Experiment
State the Problem
Analyze Results
Form a Hypothesis
Draw a Conclusion
Set Up a Controlled Experiment
Publish Results
Record Results
Scientific Method Activity
27
Smithers thinks that a special juice will
increase the productivity of workers. He creates
two groups of 50 workers each and assigns each
group the same task (in this case, they're
supposed to staple a set of papers). Group A is
given the special juice to drink while they work.
Group B is not given the special juice. After an
hour, Smithers counts how many stacks of papers
each group has made. Group A made 1,587 stacks,
Group B made 2,113 stacks.

1. Control Group
2. Independent Variable (manipulated variable)
3. Dependent Variable (responding variable)
4. What should Smithers' conclusion be?
5. How could this experiment be improved?

28
Homer notices that his shower is covered in a
strange green slime. His friend Barney tells him
that coconut juice will get rid of the green
slime. Homer decides to check this this out by
spraying half of the shower with coconut juice.
He sprays the other half of the shower with
water. After 3 days of "treatment" there is no
change in the appearance of the green slime on
either side of the shower.

1. What was the initial observation?
2. Identify the Control Group
3. Independent Variable
4. Dependent Variable
5. What should Homer's conclusion be?

29
Bart believes that mice exposed to microwaves
will become extra strong (maybe he's been reading
too much Radioactive Man). He decides to perform
this experiment by placing 10 mice in a microwave
for 10 seconds. He compared these 10 mice to
another 10 mice that had not been exposed. His
test consisted of a heavy block of wood that
blocked the mouse food. he found that 8 out of 10
of the microwaved mice were able to push the
block away. 7 out of 10 of the non-microwaved
mice were able to do the same.
Identify the-11. Control Group 12. Independent
Variable 13. Dependent Variable 14. What should
Bart's conclusion be? 15. How could Bart's
experiment be improved?
30
Krusty was told that a certain itching powder was
the newest best thing on the market, it even
claims to cause 50 longer lasting itches.
Interested in this product, he buys the itching
powder and compares it to his usual product. One
test subject (A) is sprinkled with the original
itching powder, and another test subject (B) was
sprinkled with the Experimental itching powder.
Subject A reported having itches for 30 minutes.
Subject B reported to have itches for 45 minutes.
Identify the-16. Control Group 17. Independent
Variable 18. Dependent Variable 19. Explain
whether the data supports the advertisements
claims about its product.
31
Lisa is working on a science project. Her task is
to answer the question "Does Rogooti (which is a
commercial hair product) affect the speed of hair
growth". Her family is willing to volunteer for
the experiment.
20. Describe how Lisa would perform this
experiment. Identify the control group, and the
independent and dependent variables in your
description.
32
Measurement

• Most scientific studies and experiments use a
  standard system of metric units called Le Système
  International dUnités, or SI for short.

• SI is a modern version of the metric system based
  on a decimal system that uses the number 10 as
  the base unit.

• Length
• The standard SI unit to measure length is the
  meter (m).
• The meter is divided into 100 equal parts called
  centimeters (cm).
• The centimeter is divided into 10 equal parts
  called millimeters (mm).
• Long distances are measured in kilometers (km)
  which is 1,000 m.

• Weight and Mass
• Weight is a measure of the gravitational force on
  an object.
• Weight varies with location depending on
  gravitational force.
• Weight is a force, and the SI unit for force is
  the newton (N).
• Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
• The mass of an object, unlike weight, does not
  change with an objects position.

Introduction to Measurement
33
Measurement
Methods of Scientists

• Area and Volume

• Area is the amount of surface included within a
  set of boundaries and is expressed in square
  units of length, such as square meters (m2).
• The amount of space occupied by an object is the
  objects volume.

• The SI units for volume are derived from the SI
  units used to measure length.
• The basic SI unit of volume for a regularly
  shaped, solid object is the cubic meter (m3).
• SI measurements for liquid volumes are usually
  made in milliliters (mL) or liters (L).

Measurement Activity
34
Measurement
Methods of Scientists

• Density

Time

• Density is a measure of the amount of matter that
  occupies a given space.
• Density is calculated by dividing the mass of the
  matter by its volume.

• Time is the interval between two events and is
  usually measured with a watch or clock.
• The SI unit of time is the second (s).

Temperature

• Temperature is a measure of the average
  vibrations of the particles that make up a
  material.
• A mass made up of particles that vibrate quickly
  has a higher temperature than a mass whose
  particles vibrate more slowly.
• Temperature is measured in degrees with a
  thermometer.

• In science, temperature is often measured on the
  Celsius (C) scale.
• In SI, temperature is measured on the Kelvin (K)
  scale.

35
Scientific Notation
Methods of Scientists

• To express numbers that are very large or small,
  scientists use a type of shorthand called
  scientific notation to express the number as a
  multiplier and a power of 10.

• In scientific notation, a number is expressed as
  a value between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of
  10.
• The power of 10 is the number of places the
  decimal point must be shifted so that only a
  single digit remains either to the left or right
  of the decimal point.

• If the decimal point must be shifted to the left,
  the exponent of 10 is positive.

• If the decimal point in a number must be shifted
  to the right, then the exponent of 10 is negative.

For example 90 000 000 000
9 X 1010
5 974 200 000 000 000 000 000 000
5.9742 X 1024
0.0000000001
1 X 10-10
Quantification of Environmental Problems
36
Section Assessment
Methods of Scientists

• 1. Match the following terms with their
  definitions.
• ___ hypothesis
• ___ independent variable
• ___ dependent variable
• ___ control

A. factor in an experiment that can change if the
factor that is manipulated by the experimenter is
changed B. factor that is manipulated by the
experimenter in an experiment C. standard for
comparison in an experiment D. suggested
explanation for an observation often stated in
the form of a question that can be answered by
the results of an experiment
D B A C
37
Section Assessment
Methods of Scientists

• 2. Match the following SI units with the type of
  measurement.
• ___ Second (s)
• ___ Kelvin (K)
• ___ Newton (N)
• ___ Meter (m)
• ___ Kilogram (kg)

A. mass B. length C. weight D. time E. temperature
D E C B A
38
Section Assessment
Methods of Scientists

• 3. Express the following numbers in scientific
  notation.

96,000,000,000 _____________ 0.000037
_____________ 7,234,000 _____________ 0.001
_____________ 5,284,200,000,000 _____________
9.6 X 1010 3.7 X 10-5 7.234 X 106 1 X 10-3 5.2842
X 1012
39
Objectives
Communicating in Science

• List several ways in which scientific information
  is communicated.

• Differentiate between a scientific theory and a
  scientific law.

Vocabulary

• theory
• law

40
Communicating Results
Communicating in Science

• One important goal of science is to make results
  available to others.

• Communicating scientific data and results allows
  others to learn of new discoveries, to possibly
  verify what has been reported, and to conduct new
  experiments using the information.

41
Communicating Results
Communicating in Science

• Lab Reports

• Throughout this course, you will conduct many
  Earth science experiments and activities.
• During and after each activity or experiment, you
  will be asked to record and analyze the
  information that you collected and to draw
  conclusions based on your data.

• Your resulting lab report, similar to the one on
  the right, will be used to assess your
  understanding of the activity or experiment.

42
Communicating Results
Communicating in Science

• Graphs

• A line graph is a visual display that shows how
  two variables are related.

y axis

• The independent variable is plotted on the
  horizontal (x) axis.

• The dependent variable is plotted on the vertical
  (y) axis.

x axis
43
Analyzing and Presenting Data
All graphs should include the following Title
Units Labels Even spacing The Line Graph
-This kind of graph shows the relationship
between two kinds of data in which the
independent variable is continuous. The Bar
Graph -Bar graphs are used when there is no
continuity from one piece of data to the next.
Y Axis Dependent Responding Variable
X Axis Independent Manipulated Variable
Making graphs
44
Models
Flows (throughputs)
Inputs
Outputs
Stores (storage areas)

• A scientific model is an idea, a system, or a
  mathematical expression that is similar to the
  idea being explained.

• While a model might not have all of the
  components of a given idea, it should be a fairly
  accurate representation.
• Models can change when more data is gathered.

Scientists project the behavior of complex
systems by developing a model of its inputs,
throughputs (flows), and outputs of matter,
energy, and information
Introduction to Environmental Modeling
45
Introduction to Environmental Modeling
INTRODUCTION Modeling is a tool to simulate or
recreate reality. An environment model is a tool
specifically designed to simulate or recreate the
environment or, more specifically, an
environmental system. It is often easier and less
expensive to work with models compared to the
actual system. However, models are valuable only
if they are properly constructed and are fed good
data the popular saying "garbage in garbage out"
applies to modeling
The Copper Brothers Manufacturing Company is
located on the western shore of Valley Pond as
shown in Figure P13.2,
Models are generally of two types static and
dynamic. Static models are used to understand the
behavior of a system at rest. Economists use
static models extensively. Dynamic models allow
us to examine a system over time and are used by
environmental scientists to examine changes to an
ecosystem. Models have three basic components 1)
the underlying science, 2) a mathematical
representation of the science, and 3) a solution
of the mathematics. This Problem Set provides you
with the opportunity to explain the basic
concepts of modeling and use a model to make
determinations about an environmental system. It
should help you be able to describe several major
challenges facing environmental regulators.
46
Environmental Modeling (Continued) Based on the
information below, you will be modeling the level
of a particular contaminant in a pond and
answering a series of questions based on use of
the model. Scenario The pond's volume is 4 x
I07 m3 of water. The average flow-through rate
is 8 X l04 m3/day. That is (1) the inflow from
Little Valley Stream, (2) the water being
discharged from the company into the pond, and
(3) feeder springs collectively equal the volume
of the outflow in Big Valley Stream (i.e.,
inflows outflow) at 8 X 104 m3/day. The
company produces decorative copper art by
chemically etching the copper with strong
sulfuric acid. The plant has a National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
permit issued by the state under the Clean Water
Act. The NPDES permit allows the plant to
discharge 0.16 tonnes (metric tons) of copper
sulfate per day. The plant has an exemplary
record of permit compliance. Currently, 25 people
are employed at Copper Brothers. The company is
the primary employment base for the town of
Valley View. A family purchased a small camp
on the eastern shore of Valley Pond. Over the
summer, on numerous occasions, they observed dead
fish in their tiny cove near Big Valley Stream.
They contacted the State Water Quality Division
to file a formal complaint against Copper
Brothers.
47
Environmental Modeling (Continued) We need to
calculate the steady-state level of copper
sulfate in Valley Pond to determine if there is
too much in the pond. (That is, how much copper
sulfate is in the pond given inflows, outflows,
and copper sulfate discharges?) Although the
plant is in compliance with their permit, the
level of copper sulfate may be too high,
biologically, for certain fish species because in
the pond, it may be increasing, but it also may
be decreasing. This is a function of the
accumulation of copper over time.  The rate at
which copper sulfate is added to the lake is
known (0.16 tonnesmetric tons per day). So, to
calculate the steady-state stock of the
pollutant, we need to know its residence time in
the pond.  We will assume that the pollutant is
uniformly mixed in the pond and is highly
water-soluble. (As with all models, certain
assumptions must be made.) Thus, the residence
time of the pollutant is equal to the residence
time of the pond water. We can calculate the
residence time of the water as
Steady stock SCS FCSTCS  Scs steady-state
stock of copper sulfate Fcs daily discharge
amount of copper sulfate Tcs residence time of
the copper sulfate (see Tw)
Residence time Tw MW/FW Tw residence time of
water in the pond Mw stock of water the pond
volume Fw average, daily flow through rate of
the water
concentration of the copper sulfate in the water
Ccs Scs / Mw (1 x106) ppm
48
Theories and Laws
Communicating in Science

• A scientific theory is an explanation based on
  many observations during repeated experiments.

• A scientific theory is valid only if it is
  consistent with observations, makes predictions
  that can be tested, and is the simplest
  explanation of observations.
• A theory can be changed or modified with the
  discovery of new data.

49
Theories and Laws
Communicating in Science

• A scientific law is a basic fact that describes
  the behavior of a natural phenomenon.

• A scientific law can be thought of as a rule of
  nature, even though the cause of the law may not
  be known.
• The events described by a law are observed to be
  the same every time.
• Theories are often used to explain scientific
  laws.

50
Candle Activity Identify phenomena Develop a
testable hypothesis Design an experiment to test
you hypothesis
51
Science vs. Pseudoscience
Science Extraordinary claims require
extraordinary proof Make a list of differences
between science and pseudoscience
52
Section Assessment
Communicating in Science

• 1. Match the following terms with their
  definitions.
• ___ theory
• ___ model
• ___ law

C A B
A. an idea, a system, or mathematical expression
that is similar to the idea being explained B. a
basic fact that describes the behavior of a
natural phenomenon C. an explanation based on
many observations during repeated experiment
53
Section Assessment
Communicating in Science

• 2. On a line graph, what is plotted on the
  horizontal (x) axis?

The independent variable is plotted on the
horizontal (x) axis.
3. On a line graph, what is plotted on the
vertical (y) axis?
The dependent variable is plotted on the vertical
(y) axis.
54
Chapter Resources Menu
Chapter Resources Menu

• Study Guide
• Section 1.1
• Section 1.2
• Section 1.3
• Chapter Assessment
• Image Bank

55
Section 1.1 Main Ideas
Section 1.1 Study Guide

• There are four major areas in Earth science.
  Astronomy is the study of objects beyond Earths
  atmosphere. Meteorology is the branch of Earth
  science that deals with Earths atmosphere. The
  study of the materials that make up Earth and the
  processes that form and change these materials is
  known as geology. The study of Earths oceans is
  called oceanography.

• Earth can be divided into four main systems. The
  lithosphere includes the rocks that make up the
  crust and rigid, upper mantle. The atmosphere is
  the blanket of gases that surrounds Earth.
  Earths hydrosphere is the system of all of the
  water on the planet. The biosphere is Earths
  inhabitants and their environments.
• All of Earths systems interact. You are part of
  the biosphere and you live on the crust, which is
  part of the lithosphere. You breathe the gases in
  that atmosphere and depend in many ways on the
  water in the hydrosphere.

56
Section 1.2 Main Ideas
Section 1.2 Study Guide

• The order of steps in a scientific method can
  vary. Most scientific methods to solving a
  problem, however, include defining the problem,
  stating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis,
  analyzing the results of the test, and drawing
  conclusions.

• Variables are factors that change in an
  experiment. A dependent variable can change in
  response to changes in the independent variable.
  A control is a standard for comparison.
• Basic units used in SI include the liter, the
  meter, the second, the kilogram, the Newton, and
  degrees Celsius.
• In scientific notation, a number is expressed as
  a multiplier and a power of 10.

57
Section 1.3 Main Ideas
Section 1.3 Study Guide

• Scientific information is communicated through
  lab reports, professional papers, tables and
  graphs, and models.

• A scientific theory is an explanation based on
  many observations during repeated experiments. A
  scientific theory is valid only if it is
  consistent with observations, makes predictions
  that can be tested, and is the simplest
  explanation of observations. A theory can be
  changed or modified if it is found to be
  incorrect.
• A scientific law is a basic fact that describes
  the behavior of a natural phenomenon. A
  scientific law can be thought of as a rule of
  nature, even though the cause of the law may not
  be known.

58
Multiple Choice
Chapter Assessment

• 1. Which branch of Earth science studies the air
  that surrounds our planet?
• a. astronomy c. geology
• b. meteorology d. oceanography

Astronomy is the study of objects beyond Earths
atmosphere geology is the study of the materials
that make up Earth and the processes that form
and change these materials and oceanography is
the study of Earths oceans.
59
Multiple Choice
Chapter Assessment

• 2. Which subspecialty of Earth science studies
  water flow on and below Earths surface?
• a. climatology c. ecology
• b. tectonics d. hydrology

Climatology studies patterns of weather over a
long period of time tectonics studies the
effects of internal processes on Earths surface
and ecology studies habitats of organisms and how
organisms interact with each other and their
environment.
60
Multiple Choice
Chapter Assessment

• 3. The asthenosphere is part of the _____.
• a. lithosphere c. mantle
• b. hydrosphere d. atmosphere

The asthenosphere is the partially molten layer
in the upper mantle. This is below the
lithosphere which is the rigid outer shell of
Earth. The hydrosphere is the water on the
surface of Earth and in the atmosphere. The
atmosphere is the blanket of gases surrounding
Earth.
61
Multiple Choice
Chapter Assessment

• 4. A(n) _____ is used in an experiment to show
  that the results of an experiment are actually a
  result of the condition being tested.
• a. control c. dependent variable
• b. independent variable d. hypothesis

The independent variable in an experiment is the
factor that is manipulated by the experimenter. A
dependent variable is a factor that can change if
the independent variable is changed. A hypothesis
is a suggested explanation for an observation.
62
Multiple Choice
Chapter Assessment

• 5. The SI unit of mass is the _____.
• a. m c. kg
• b. N d. K

The meter (m) is the SI unit to measure length
the newton (N) is the SI unit to measure weight
and in SI, temperature is measured on the Kelvin
(K) scale.
63
Short Answer
Chapter Assessment

• 6. What are the four major steps and processes in
  the scientific approach to problem solving?

The four major steps and processes in the
scientific approach to problem solving are
question, test, analyze, and conclude.
64
Conversion
Chapter Assessment

• 7. Complete the following SI conversions.
• 100 mm _______ m
• 50 kg _______ g
• 287 mL _______ L
• 2.3 km _______ m
• 30 m3 _______ cm3
• 14 cm3 _______ mL

.1 50,000 .287 2,300 3,000 14
65
True or False
Chapter Assessment

• 8. Identify whether the following statements are
  true or false.
• ______ A scientific theory is a basic fact that
  describes the behavior of a natural
  phenomenon.
• ______ Scientific methods are not rigid,
  step-by-step outlines to solve problems.
• ______ A paleontologist would study the
  composition of the ancient atmosphere.
• ______ Earths atmosphere is about 78 oxygen.

false true true false
66
Chapter 1 Images
Image Bank
67
Table 1-2  Some Important Safety Rules for the
Science Lab
Methods of Scientists
1. Before beginning any investigation, understand
the safety symbols that are noted.
2. Wear safety goggles and a safety apron during
all investigations that involve heating, pouring,
or using chemicals. 3. Tie back long hair and
loose clothing before you begin any
investigation. 4. Always slant test tubes away
from yourself and others when heating the tubes.
Keep all materials away from open
flames. 5. Never eat or drink in the lab and
never use laboratory glassware as food or drink
containers.
68
Table 1-2  Some Important Safety Rules for the
Science Lab
Methods of Scientists

• 6. Never inhale chemicals, and never taste any
  substance used in the lab. Also, dont draw any
  material into a tube with your mouth.

7. Know what to do in case of fire. Also, know
the location and proper use of the fire
extinguisher, safety shower, fire blanket,
first-aid kit, and fire alarm. 8. Report any
spill, accident, or injury to your teacher
immediately. 9. When cleaning up, dispose of
chemicals and other materials only as directed by
your teacher. 10. Always wash your hands
thoroughly with soap after working in the lab.
69
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